Dale Pollard
The first time we read the name “Satan” in the Bible, it’s under very strange circumstances. Ready?
Here’s the passage:
“Satan rose up against Israel and incited David to take a census of Israel.”
(I Chronicles 21:1, NIV)
Alright, so Satan decides to pick a fight with God’s man. So how does he do it this time? Well, he incites (or entices) David to take a census of Israel— of course. You might be thoroughly confused at this point but just wait, you’ll want to throw something breakable in a second.
So Satan takes his shot at David and apparently the most devious plan he could come up with was, “Operation Headcount.” There must be more to it than that. Surely.
Make it Make Census
A census in the ancient world—especially in Israel—was not just a headcount. It carried spiritual, political, and economic weight.
It typically involved counting all the men and for at least a few practical reasons. A ruler could use the census to determine the size of his army, or make sure proper tax revenue was collected, or get an idea of how capable his labor force was. Oh, and for Israel, it better be done right.
Exodus 30:12 warns that a census must be accompanied by a ransom/offering, or else a plague would come upon the people:
“Then each one must give a ransom for his life to the LORD… so that no plague may come on them when you number them.”
So maybe now’s a good time to address an alleged contradiction.
Our original passage in question (I Chron. 21:1) is already interpreted in a few ways, especially when compared to its parallel account in 2 Samuel 24:1, which says:
“Again the anger of the LORD burned against Israel, and he incited David against them, saying, ‘Go and take a census of Israel and Judah.’”
Did you catch that too? Seems like Samuel contradicts the Chronicler by saying that God was really the one who enticed David into counting folks, not Satan. So which is it— and did you throw something yet?
It Was Satan….. Probably
No matter how you slice it, Satan is the one doing the enticing and here’s how we can be sure.
First, let’s start by contrasting the similarities between this case and Job’s situation. God allowed Satan to test Job— but He remained sovereign. God was clearly in control while Satan had to ask His permission before making Jobs life so miserable. God let the devil torment his most faithful servant, but with strict conditions (Job 1.8,12).
Secondly, it’s possible that “Satan” in 1 Chronicles 21:1 should really be translated “adversary.” Now, this next part isn’t typed with any real certainty, it’s only a personal observation (by the author).
Remember the account of Balaam and his donkey? It’s worth reading again, even if you’re familiar with it. Just before the conversation between a man and his animal takes place we read:
“God’s anger was kindled because he [Balaam] went, and the angel of the LORD took his stand in the way as his adversary” (Numbers 22:22).
The word adversary is the exact same word that’s translated as Satan in 1 Chronicles 21:1. However, it was the angel of the Lord that stood as an adversary. The language is strikingly similar in both passages. Take a peek, but this time side by side…by side:
1 Chronicles 21:1
“Then Satan stood against Israel and incited David to number Israel.”
Numbers 22:22
“God’s anger was kindled because Balaam went, and the angel of the LORD took his stand in the way as his adversary”
2 Samuel 24:1
“…the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, and he incited David against them, saying, “Go, number Israel and Judah.”
How satisfying is that? Instead of a contradiction you see consistency; inspired perfection on full display.
So What Happened To David?
Well, he messed up. A lesser known misstep on David’s part, too. God sent a plague as a consequence—exactly as Exodus 30 had warned. As tragic as that was, again the consistency is amazing. There was a thousand years or so between Exodus and Chronicles but God still remembered exactly what He had told Moses.
After the census, David felt guilt immediately (2 Sam. 24:10) and repented. As anybody after God’s heart would do.



























