Tag: Genesis

THE SPIRIT AND CREATION

Dale Pollard

The Bible presents the creation of everything as a unified act of the Godhead, but it also shows the reader small glimpses of the different aspects of involvement by the Spirit or Jesus. Check out a few of these fascinating sections of scripture.

“In the beginning the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters” (Gen. 1.2).

The Hebrew word for “Spirit” here describes either breath or wind. This is how it’s described—difficult to picture in the mind. The Spirit was there, but do we have any idea what was going on? 

John says that by Jesus all things were made (Jn. 1.1-3). That alone deserves its own article. The Spirit had a unique role as well, and that role wasn’t a small one either.  Look at what Job has to say…

“By His Spirit the heavens were made fair (or adorned)” (Job 26.13).

At Cumberland Trace’s last Equipped workshop (2026), Steve Higginbotham addressed this verse in his lesson to point out the awesomeness of God. He captivated his audience by sharing via PowerPoint the unimaginable number of stars and galaxies in our universe and masterfully proved how this clearly points the observer to its Maker. The Spirit’s involvement in the “adorning of the heavens” is nothing short of amazing.

Bonus: Here’s an interesting connection between the spoken Word and the Spirit.

“By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and by the breath (spirit) of His mouth all their hosts” (Ps. 33.6). This is a passage that really brings these two ideas together. What an awesome act by an awesome God.

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Check out this great presentation by brother Steve.


Books by the Pollards

A Tiny Spark Snail Mail Club (Kathy Pollard)

The Mighty Hunter: How Nimrod Became the World’s First Archetype

Brent Pollard

When Cartoons Eclipsed Scripture

There is a particular kind of cultural tragedy that unfolds not with a bang but with a punchline. The name Nimrod—once thunderous with the weight of an ancient empire—has been reduced, in the mouths of millions, to a schoolyard insult. Daffy Duck first deployed the name against Elmer Fudd in 1948, and Bugs Bunny later wielded it against Yosemite Sam in 1951, dripping with the kind of sarcasm only a cartoon rabbit can muster. The joke, of course, depended on the audience knowing that Nimrod was a legendary hunter. But as biblical literacy faded, so did the reference. Today, Merriam-Webster’s primary definition of the word is “idiot” or “jerk.” The irony is almost too painful to bear: a figure God saw fit to name in Holy Scripture has been redefined by a cartoon duck.

This should unsettle us. It is not merely a curiosity of language; it is a symptom of a culture that has lost its moorings in the Word of God. When a generation can no longer recognize the names written by the finger of divine inspiration, something far deeper than vocabulary has been forgotten.

A Mighty Man in the Sight of God

Scripture is sparing but deliberate in what it tells us about Nimrod. He was the grandson of Ham through Cush (Genesis 10.8; 1 Chronicles 1.10), and Genesis 10:9 declares that he was “a mighty hunter before the LORD” (NASB95). That single phrase, “before the LORD,” carries an ambiguity that has occupied commentators for millennia. The Hebrew liphnê YHWH can suggest either divine approval—a man operating in full view of God’s favor—or divine confrontation —a man who sets himself up against the Lord. Augustine of Hippo noted that the Septuagint rendering left room for the darker reading. The Aramaic Targum Jonathan went further, rendering Nimrod as “a mighty rebel before the Lord.”

The first-century historian Flavius Josephus connected Nimrod directly to the Tower of Babel, portraying him as the instigator of that colossal act of defiance against God (Antiquities of the Jews 1.4.2). Whether one accepts every detail of Josephus’s account, the trajectory is clear: Nimrod was no mere huntsman tramping through the brush. He was a founder of cities—Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh in the land of Shinar, and later Nineveh, Rehoboth-Ir, Calah, and Resen in Assyria (Genesis 10.10–12). He was a man of civilizational consequence, a builder and ruler whose shadow fell across the ancient world.

We must pause here and feel the weight of what is being said. The cities Nimrod built—Babylon and Nineveh—would become the very instruments of God’s judgment against His people centuries later. Babylon carried Judah into exile (2 Kings 25.1–11; 2 Chronicles 36.15–20). Nineveh was the seat of the Assyrian empire that devoured the northern kingdom of Israel (2 Kings 17.5–6). The seeds of captivity were sown in the brickwork of Nimrod’s ambition. God, in His providence, told us exactly who laid those foundations. Nothing in Scripture is accidental.

The First Archetype

Nimrod stands at the headwaters of something enormous. He is, perhaps, the first man in postdiluvian history whose life became a template—an archetype—that later cultures would reshape in their own image. The mighty hunter, the tyrant-king, the rebel who dared to defy heaven: these are not merely Nimrod’s characteristics. They are the raw materials from which countless myths were fashioned.

Consider what happened at Babel. Genesis 11.1–9 records that God confused the languages of mankind and scattered them across the face of the earth. If Josephus was correct that Nimrod instigated Babel’s construction, then the peoples who dispersed from that plain carried with them the memory of the man whose ambition had precipitated their scattering. As they settled in new lands and developed new tongues, that memory would not have vanished. It would have been retold, reshaped, and recast according to the genius of each emerging culture. The hunter became a demigod; the rebel became a tragic hero; the king became a figure among the stars.

We must be careful here, for we walk a line that requires both intellectual honesty and theological conviction. Moses wrote the Pentateuch later than the earliest Mesopotamian scribes committed their traditions to clay tablets. The pagans had the first opportunity to record stories of figures like Nimrod, and they did so with considerable embellishment—most notably in the epic of Gilgamesh, a legendary king of Uruk whose adventures bear unmistakable echoes of biblical narrative, including a great flood (cf. Genesis 6–9). But we must never confuse chronological priority with theological authority. The Hebrew Scriptures are not derivative of Babylonian mythology. They are the divinely inspired, theologically accurate account. What we can acknowledge, without any compromise of faith, is that the nations surrounding Israel were working from the same raw historical events—events they distorted, while Moses, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, recorded faithfully.

Written in the Stars

Perhaps the most striking echo of Nimrod is found not in a library but in the night sky. The constellation Orion has been recognized across cultures as the image of a mighty hunter. In Greek mythology, Orion was a son of Poseidon, a man of extraordinary prowess who boasted he would slay every animal on earth. The earth goddess Gaia responded by sending the giant scorpion Scorpius to kill him. After his death, Zeus placed Orion among the stars at the request of Artemis, the huntress. But Zeus also immortalized Scorpius on the opposite side of the sky, so that Orion is forever fleeing from the creature that destroyed him. His constellation depicts a hunter brandishing a club and shield against Taurus the Bull, accompanied by his hunting dogs, Canis Major and Canis Minor, who pursue the hare Lepus.

The parallels with Nimrod are striking, even if they resist dogmatic conclusions. Both were mighty hunters. Orion was the son of a sea god; Nimrod was the descendant of a man who survived the great Flood (Genesis 6.9–10; 9.18–19). Orion was destroyed by his hubris—the Greek concept of overweening pride that invites divine retribution. Nimrod, according to later tradition, was a man swollen with pride who was humbled by God through the dispersion at Babel (Genesis 11.8–9). The pattern is the same: a mighty man rises, defies the order of heaven, and is brought low.

And the Sumerians saw Orion as Gilgamesh. The Inuit call the constellation Ullaktut—three hunters chasing a bear. In Malay tradition, the constellation is Buruj Belantik, “The Hunter Constellation.” The Navajo saw a young warrior-hunter who provided for his people. The Chinese named the constellation Shen and associated it with a great hunter. Across oceans and millennia, separated by the very confusion of tongues that God imposed at Babel, cultures looked at the same stars and saw the same figure: a mighty hunter. That is, at the very least, a remarkable coincidence.

Providence in Every Syllable

Why does any of this matter? Because the Holy Spirit does not waste words. Every name, every genealogy, every city listed in the sacred text is there for a reason, even when that reason does not announce itself on the first reading. Paul reminded Timothy that “all Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness” (2 Timothy 3.16, NASB95). The brief account of Nimrod in Genesis 10 is no exception.

At minimum, God was drawing a direct line from the ambitions of one man to the empires that would later discipline His people. Babylon did not spring from nowhere. Nineveh did not appear by accident. Their foundations were laid by a grandson of Ham, a mighty hunter whose name became a proverb and whose legacy became a myth repeated in a hundred tongues. The prophets who later thundered against Babylon (Isaiah 13–14; Jeremiah 50–51) and Nineveh (Nahum 1–3) were, in a sense, addressing the spiritual descendants of Nimrod’s rebellion.

But there is a deeper lesson still. Nimrod’s story is the story of every man who builds without God. His cities were impressive; his hunting prowess was legendary; his name echoed through the centuries in ways that few names ever have. Yet what did it profit him? The tower he built—or inspired—was abandoned. The languages he united were shattered. The people he led were scattered to the four winds. Jesus asked the question that Nimrod’s life answers before it was ever spoken: “For what will it profit a man if he gains the whole world and forfeits his soul?” (Matthew 16.26, NASB95; cf. Mark 8.36; Luke 9.25).

The world remembers Nimrod in fragments—a constellation here, a myth there, a cartoon insult in between. But God remembered him whole. He placed Nimrod’s name in the only book that will never pass away (Matthew 24.35; 1 Peter 1.24–25). And He did so not to celebrate Nimrod’s achievements but to remind us that every empire built on human pride will crumble, while the kingdom of God endures forever (Daniel 2.44; 7.14). The mighty hunter has been hunted down by time. But the Word of the Lord stands eternal.

When The Earth Was Divided: Understanding Peleg And Genesis 10:25

Brent Pollard

Within Genesis’ genealogies—a section we often skim—one verse has sparked debate for two millennia. Genesis 10.25 (NASB 1995) mentions Peleg: “for in his days the earth was divided.” Five words. No explanation. No footnote from Moses. Just a cryptic remark tucked between a father’s name and a son’s. Peleg’s father was Eber—the ancestor from whom the Hebrews take their name (Genesis 10.21; 11.16–19). The name Peleg comes from the Hebrew palag, meaning “to split” or “to divide.” The parallel account in 1 Chronicles 1.19 repeats the same statement, and Luke 3.35 places Peleg in the lineage of Jesus Christ.

So what was divided? The question matters—not because our salvation hinges on the answer, but because the Bible never wastes words.

The Oldest and Most Widely Accepted Interpretation

The most enduring interpretation—and the one with the deepest roots in Jewish and Christian scholarship—is that the “earth” in Genesis 10.25 refers to its people, not its geology. The pseudepigraphical book of Jubilees (second century B.C.) and the Biblical Antiquities of Philo (circa A.D. 70) both understand the division as a scattering of peoples rather than a fracturing of landmasses. The first-century Jewish historian Josephus agreed, as did the Seder Olam Rabbah, a rabbinical chronology dating to the second century A.D. Among Christian commentators, Keil and Delitzsch argue that erets (“earth”) here functions as a metonym for the world’s population, much as we might say “the whole world watched” when we mean its inhabitants.

Under this reading, the division is the aftermath of the Tower of Babel. God confused the languages of humanity (Genesis 11.1–9), and humans responded by fracturing into distinct linguistic, ethnic, and political groups. The Table of Nations in Genesis 10 catalogs exactly this kind of division: the descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth spreading across the ancient world, each “according to their languages, by their lands, by their nations” (Genesis 10.31, NASB 1995). Peleg’s name memorializes the era in which that scattering occurred.

A More Recent Theory: The Splitting of Continents

In the nineteenth century, commentator Adam Clarke proposed that Genesis 10.25 refers to a physical separation—the breakup of continents and islands from a single landmass. In 1858, French geographer Antonio Snider-Pellegrini cited this very verse to argue that the continents once fit together, decades before Alfred Wegener formalized the hypothesis in 1912. The sixteenth-century commentator Seforno suggested an environmental shift in Peleg’s generation that halved human lifespans, implying a cataclysm of enormous scale.

More recently, some creationist scholars, like Dr. Bernard Northrup, have argued from Hebrew philology that palag almost always denotes division by water—canals, channels, or ocean-spanning rifts. They point to Psalm 1.3, where the same root describes “streams of water,” and Job 38.25, where it describes a “channel for the flood.” If palag inherently conveys the sense of water-based division, then Genesis 10.25 may describe a literal geological event—perhaps the breakup of a supercontinent or catastrophic post-Flood sea-level changes.

However, even some young-earth creationists have expressed caution. A rapid breakup of the earth’s lithosphere would have produced geological violence rivaling the Global Flood itself. Within our own fellowship, Dr. Dave Miller of Apologetics Press has written that Moses’ comment about Peleg “most likely does not refer to the Earth’s continental division.”

A Third Possibility: Irrigation and Infrastructure

A less prominent interpretation attributes Peleg’s name to the digging of irrigation canals in Mesopotamia. Cyril Graham, a nineteenth-century English diplomat who traveled extensively in the Transjordan, argued that Peleg’s naming commemorated the first cutting of canals between the Tigris and Euphrates. While this reading aligns with the water-related sense of palag, it lacks meaningful biblical support and reduces a significant genealogical marker to a footnote on civil engineering.

So Which Interpretation Should We Accept?

Because the central question concerns what exactly Genesis 10.25 means by ‘the earth was divided,’ it is important to weigh the evidence for each interpretation. The principle taught by Fee and Stuart in How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth applies here: novel interpretations are usually wrong. With the majority of ancient Jewish and Christian scholarship pointing toward the division of peoples—not continents—and Genesis 10.25 appearing so close to the Tower of Babel account, the best-supported argument is that the division in Peleg’s day refers to the scattering of humanity. The text presents division as a pivotal event, tying Peleg’s era directly to Babel and making this interpretation central to understanding the passage’s significance.

Still, an honest reader senses a tension. On the third day of creation, God divided the dry land (erets) from the waters (Genesis 1.9–10). There, earth isn’t a metaphor for humanity; it’s literal ground. Reading erets as “people” in Genesis 10.25 requires accepting a shift in meaning that the text doesn’t explicitly signal. The metaphorical reading is plausible, but consistency may favor a literal sense.

A Name Worth Remembering

This question is a matter of opinion, not doctrine. Nothing in Genesis 10.25 affects the plan of salvation or the gospel’s terms. Where Scripture is clear, so should we be. Where it invites wonder, we can wonder—and should not impose our conclusions. What we can say confidently is: God, who names the stars (Psalm 147.4) and counts our hairs (Matthew 10.30), placed a man named “Division” in Jesus’s genealogy. However, the earth was divided in Peleg’s day; it was not random. It was Providence. Every division God allows, He intends to heal. In Christ, there is “neither Jew nor Greek” (Galatians 3.28, NASB 1995); one day, “every tongue will confess” Jesus is Lord (Philippians 2.10–11, NASB 1995). Peleg’s divisions are temporary. God’s Kingdom is not.

Books by the Pollards

A Tiny Spark Snail Mail Club (Kathy Pollard)

Learning Through A Broken Family

Carl Pollard

My wife and I have been slowly working our way through the story of Jacob and Esau in Genesis 25–36, just the two of us, Bibles open, spending quality time in scripture. We’ve tried to read carefully, letting the text speak for itself without rushing to conclusions. What’s struck us most is how raw and real this family is, flawed people making painful choices, yet God’s bigger plan somehow keeps moving forward through the mess.

The tension between the brothers starts long before they ever speak a word. Even in the womb, they struggle (Genesis 25:22–23), and God tells Rebekah that two nations are inside her, with the older serving the younger. When we read Paul’s reflection on this in Romans 9, it hits home: God’s choice isn’t based on what we do or deserve, it’s His mercy, His call. That truth is a comfort when we’ve felt like our own family patterns or mistakes might derail everything. From the beginning, this story reminds us that God is sovereign, even over dysfunctional beginnings.

Then comes that heartbreaking moment in Genesis 25:29–34 when Esau trades his birthright for a bowl of stew. We’ve talked a lot about how the text doesn’t excuse Jacob’s opportunism, he’s calculating and manipulative, but it lingers on Esau’s choice: he “despised his birthright.” It wasn’t just hunger; it was a deeper disregard for what God had given him. My wife and I have had to ask ourselves hard questions: What do we treat as disposable when we’re tired, stressed, or chasing something immediate? We’ve seen how easy it is to let momentary frustration or desire eclipse what really matters eternally.

Genesis 27 is tough to read aloud. Jacob lies to his blind father, steals the blessing, and runs for his life. There’s no sugarcoating here, no heroic justification. The consequences are immediate and brutal: fear, exile, broken family ties. God’s promise to Jacob holds, but Jacob doesn’t escape the fallout of his sin. That’s been a sobering reminder for us: even when God chooses us, our choices still carry real pain, for ourselves and the people we love.

The turning point is Genesis 32. Jacob wrestles all night with God (or the angel), refuses to let go until he’s blessed, and walks away with both a new name, Israel, and a permanent limp. We’ve come back to that image again and again. Growth rarely comes without struggle; blessing often arrives through humility and dependence. That limp has became a proof that God can transform even the most stubborn parts of the heart.

And then there’s Esau in Genesis 33. Esau runs to meet his brother, throws his arms around him, kisses him, and weeps. After years of hurt, after Jacob’s betrayal, Esau chooses grace. Who in our lives are we still holding resentment toward? What would it look like to run toward reconciliation instead of away from it?

Studying this account together has reminded us that God works patiently through real struggles, through favoritism, deception, exile, and hard-won forgiveness. Growth usually comes slowly, often painfully, but He is faithful to shape us over time. The story of Jacob and Esau encourages us to hold our values loosely for the things of this world, to repent quickly when we’ve wronged others, and to trust God’s good purposes even in the fractured relationships we care about most. We’re grateful for these ancient brothers; they’ve become unexpected companions on our own journey toward humility, healing, and hope.

What Is A Blessed Day?

Dale Pollard

 After the six days of creation God rested (Gen. 2.2). The word rest literally meant to stop or, according to Strongs, “desist from exertion” (H7673). Once He finished His work, God does something else that carries a mysterious significance— God blessed a day. So what does that actually mean? Looking at our passage (Gen. 2.3) it says that He does two things and the two verbs that are used are important to help us grasp what’s being said. God blessed the seventh day and made it holy. 

 Blessed (barak): 

 In ancient Hebrew thought, to bless something was to fill it with life, fruitfulness, or some kind of ongoing benefit. When God blesses living creatures (both man and beast), they multiply (Gen. 1.22, 28, 9.1). When He blesses the seventh day, He bestows on time itself some kind of divine favor. It was a day that gives spiritual renewal rather than physical productivity. Maybe all the details of that won’t be fully understood or appreciated on this side of eternity. 

 Made holy (qadash): 

 To “make holy” meant to set apart. This is also the first time in the Bible that anything is called holy — not a place or an object, but a day. The early Hebrew understanding saw the seventh day as more than a simple pause in labor. God gave them this and He made it a healthy spiritual function of creation. 

 What’s so significant about all that? This is God blending the spiritual and physical elements of His creation together. It wasn’t like a model train that a boy puts together just for fun. This was proof that existence would be more than a complex physical shell. God “created” an entire day, in part, so we could reflect on that.

The Foreshadowing Of Faith

The Bible’s divine nature never ceases to amaze me. The more I study it, the more I’m convinced it’s God’s Word—perfect, infallible, and life-giving. It’s unlike any other book, offering purpose, wisdom, and a unified story of salvation through Christ.

Carl Pollard

The Bible’s divine nature never ceases to amaze me. The more I study it, the more I’m convinced it’s God’s Word—perfect, infallible, and life-giving. It’s unlike any other book, offering purpose, wisdom, and a unified story of salvation through Christ.

What proves a book is divinely inspired? It must be free of errors, contain knowledge beyond human reach, and fulfill prophecies with precision. The Bible does all this. It reveals scientific truths unknown until recently, remains consistent from Genesis to Revelation, and fulfills thousands of prophecies. The odds of just 48 prophecies coming true by chance are 1 in 10^157—an impossibility for human authors. Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22, written centuries before Christ, detail His suffering with uncanny accuracy. Archaeological discoveries and identical manuscripts further confirm its reliability.

For a moment, let’s explore one proof of the Bible’s divine origin: the parallel between Abraham and Isaac in Genesis 22 and God’s sacrifice of Jesus. Written 2,000 years before Christ, this account mirrors His sacrifice with stunning precision.

1. A Father’s Love: God asked Abraham to sacrifice his beloved son, Isaac (Gen. 22:2). Similarly, God gave His only Son, Jesus, for us (John 3:16). God’s love for humanity surpassed even His love for His Son.

2. The Son’s Obedience: Isaac, a young man, carried the wood for his sacrifice and didn’t resist (Gen. 22:6, 9). Jesus carried His cross to Golgotha, submitting to God’s will (Luke 22:42). Both show obedient trust we’re called to emulate.

3. The Journey: Abraham and Isaac traveled three days to Moriah (Gen. 22:4). Jesus’ ministry led to the cross. Both journeys reflect trust in God’s plan.

4. A Substitute: God stopped Abraham, providing a ram instead of Isaac (Gen. 22:11-13). Jesus, the Lamb of God, became our substitute, bearing our sins (John 1:29).

5. Resurrection Hope: Abraham believed God could raise Isaac (Heb. 11:19). Jesus rose on the third day (1 Cor. 15:4). Both stories proclaim God’s power over death.

6. Blessing for All: Through Abraham’s obedience, God promised blessings for all nations (Gen. 22:18), fulfilled in Christ’s salvation (Gal. 3:16).

Genesis 22 foreshadows God’s sacrifice of Jesus for humanity. Both Isaac and Jesus, only sons, carried the means of their sacrifice. Isaac was spared; Jesus took our place. The Bible points to the One who gives eternal life. Do you know Him?

Latest News: Noah’s Ark

While skeptics might claim that the formation is made up of natural limonite, counter evidence such as the uncanny alignment/shape, subsurface architecture, ancient marine traces, and organic soil signatures prove to be an ensemble unlikely to occur by chance. Yes, I was looking for an excuse to use the word “ensemble.”

Dale Pollard

LATEST NEWS: NOAH’S ARK 

Shrouded in snow and a little suspicion, the Durupınar Formation is a mysterious boat-shaped mound just over 18 miles south of Mount Ararat, is at the center of a groundbreaking (ha!) discovery.

CAPTURING THE PAST 

Soil samples collected after 2021 by a collaborative team from Istanbul Technical University, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, and Andrews University put its dramatic past on display. These samples contain clay-like sediments, marine deposits, and mollusk shells, dating between 3,500–5,000 years ago—coinciding with the biblical “Great Flood” era. Some coincidental findings, if you believe in coincidences. 

MULTIPLE DECKS 

At approximately 538 feet long, the formation mirrors the ark dimensions (300 × 50 × 30 cubits). However, the real juicy discoveries lie beneath the surface: re‑analyzed 2019 ground‑penetrating radar (GPR) scans reveal angular structures, central corridors stretching 234 ft, and a tunnel measured at 13 ft—features that align uncannily with the arks multi‑deck design (Gen. 6.16). 

WE FOUND SOME WOOD 

Inside the formation, the vegetation tells its own story—grasses grow with altered color and vigor, tied to elevated organic matter, higher potassium levels, and lower pH readings. These soil anomalies suggest the decay of ancient wood remnants. The author is no scientist, but old wood sounds good. 

The project, led by Andrew Jones and William Crabtree of Noah’s Ark Scans, aims for a carefully controlled excavation—delayed until non‑invasive scans, thorough soil mapping, and site preservation methods are fully in place. When? Who knows! 

SKEPTICS & EVIDENCE 

While skeptics might claim that the formation is made up of natural limonite, counter evidence such as the uncanny alignment/shape, subsurface architecture, ancient marine traces, and organic soil signatures prove to be an ensemble unlikely to occur by chance. Yes, I was looking for an excuse to use the word “ensemble.” 

What Comes Next? 

• Continued GPR and radar surveys,

• Core drilling for deeper context,

• Last but not least, a permitted excavation under strict guidelines.

A Better Home

Carl Pollard

Do you remember going to bed on Christmas Eve as a child? Time seemed to go by at a snail’s pace! As children, we felt like we were always waiting—for birthdays, Christmas, or Halloween. Tuesday evenings felt endless because in our house we had Waffle Wednesday. Even those small joys filled us with excitement. Sadly, as we grow older, that anticipation often fades. We should strive to foster that child-like excitement in our Christian walk as we consider what’s ahead.

In 2 Corinthians 5:1-10, the Apostle Paul speaks of our future bodily resurrection. These verses remind us of God’s promise and encourage us to live differently, focusing on the hope of a Better Dwelling. Many Christians are motivated by a fear of hell rather than the reward of eternal life. However, if we embrace the truth of God’s Word, we find a greater motivation—hope.

Paul describes our bodies as temporary, like tents or clay jars (2 Corinthians 5:1-2, 4). Decline is an inevitable part of life, and our bodies are not meant to last. This leads to a natural response: groaning, expressing discomfort. For many, the desire is for relief from physical pain, but for Christians, that “something better” is the promise of resurrection life and restoration.

An essential theme of Genesis is that God created everything as good, and He is committed to restoring His creation. According to 2 Corinthians 5:1-10, He will undo death through the resurrection of our bodies. The Spirit given to us is a guarantee that God has started the work of restoration in us and will see it through to completion. 

What is still to come? Paul says we have “a building from God, eternal in the heavens” (vv. 1-2). This is a NEW body. In the resurrection, Paul says we will be “putting on” a new body. “What is mortal will be swallowed up by life” (v. 4). Life as we know it will be overshadowed by eternal, perfect existence. The best part is being “at home with the Lord” (v. 8). 

The promise of resurrection promotes a different way of living. Are you willing to give up a resurrected body for a tent? Paul affirms three resolutions we should have. First, remember what we ought to believe; we know of God’s promise of resurrection. Second, remember the resurrection as encouragement during decline. Third, remember where you would rather be: “We would rather be away from the body and at home with the Lord” (v. 8). 

With these in mind, we will “walk” according to what we believe about the future and trust that God will keep His promise. Paul phrases it as “walking by faith and not by sight” (v. 7). 

Our anticipation for new life in the presence of God shapes how we live today. If you’ve lost sight of this, refocus now. Let’s strive to be resurrected and spend eternity together with the Lord.

Weird Dreams

Where do dreams come from and what do they reveal about us? What did the ancients say? How does God communicate with us today? What do we do with what He communicates?

Dale Pollard

        Aspects of our dreams are often a concoction of reality blended with absurdity. You might dream about the house you grew up in but surely that argument with the giant worm wasn’t real. Nobody’s heard a worm speak since probably never. From what you can recall, the argument was over a sweater that the worm was knitting and whether or not it should include sleeves. You don’t remember how the worm was knitting without arms but you remember feeling a heavy and uncomfortable tension in the room when you said, “Just knit a long tube sock and cut the end off.” What seems orderly in dream land often transforms into chaos right after our eyes open. 

Plato acknowledged that dreams could be a source of prophecy or messages from the divine. It’s evident in dialogues like Crito where he touches upon the idea of dreams stemming from an otherworldly source (Crito 1.43a-44b). This was accepted as fact in the world of the Ancient Greeks, but Plato offered his own theories stating that dreams could reveal hidden desires, fears, and impulses that reside within us. He modified a once-popular myth in an attempt to explain the abstract nature of the human soul and— at least partially—what he imagined to be the nature of dreams. Plato likened the human soul to a chariot and charioteer (reason) trying his best to control the two rowdy horses (appetite and spirit). It’s always moving in our mind but the relationship of the driver and the horses is a constant battle between order and chaos. When one sleeps the thundering chariot can no longer be controlled by the driver and those irrational steeds assert themselves and our dreams are born out of the chaos (Phaderus 245c-249d). 

At one point ancient man could talk with God face to face (Gen. 3.18), but this privilege is sharply contrasted in the words of a surprised Jacob when he said, “I have seen the face of God and yet I’m still alive” (Gen. 32.30). In the place of personal interaction with our Creator we were provided with something that, while effective, was not nearly as intimate— dreams. But what they lacked in intimacy, they made up for in mystery. The first words of the first recorded dream in the Bible are, “Behold you are a dead man…” (Gen. 20.3b). This was a terrifying glimpse into the future of the dreamer, King Abimelech. If he didn’t give Abraham’s wife back, he was dead. 

       God spoke to Abraham previously but there seems to be some distinction between a vision and a dream. The word dream occurs fifty-nine times in the Bible and fifty-two of those are found in the Old Testament. When God communicates to a character in the text the reader is either left in the dark as to how He did so or, as in the case of Abimelech, we have the method of transmission stated each time God initially responds. God came to him in a dream “at night” (Gen.20.3a).

God has always desired to communicate with us and that hasn’t changed today. Opening our Bible is what allows Him to have a word with us today, but like Abimelech, our future is determined by what we decide to do with the information received. 

Breaking (Old) News

Why does everyone’s creation stories, from ancient myths onward, talk about there being water in the beginning? And why is this important for the Christian who believes the Bible is God-breathed?

Dale Pollard

“For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that people are without excuse.”

Romans 1:20 

For a moment I want to walk through some newer findings in the realm of secular based science that match the biblical narrative perfectly. 

WATER WAS PRESENT IN THE EARLIEST STAGES OF THE UNIVERSE 

According to Tel Aviv University & NASA researchers (2016): 

 “Astronomers have long held that water—two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom—was a relative latecomer to the universe. They believed that any element heavier than helium had to have been formed in the cores of stars and not by the Big Bang itself. Since the earliest stars would have taken some time to form, mature, and die, it was presumed that it took billions of years for oxygen atoms to disperse throughout the universe and attach to hydrogen to produce the first interstellar ‘water.'”

However, they go on to say, 

“…new research poised for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters by Tel Aviv University and Harvard University researchers reveals that the universe’s first reservoirs of water may have formed much earlier than previously thought…” (via https://www.aftau.org).

In Genesis (1.2ff), we read that the Spirit of God hovered over the face of the waters. 

Then God said, “Let there be a space between the waters, to separate the waters of the heavens from the waters of the earth.” 

There are countless ancient myths from around the world that somehow include this not-so-coincidental detail that in the very beginning, water was present. Whether or not God intended for that element to speak to something other than its order in the account of creation, it’s fitting. God is the maker and maintainer of life— and water is absolutely essential for life to exist. We’re physically alive because of it and we’re spiritually saved through it (I Peter 3.21).

 It’s a thread that satisfyingly runs through the entirety of scripture and it seems as though science is finally beginning to catch up with what God told us thousands of years ago. 

Noah’s Ark And Nisroch

Dale Pollard

The Bible doesn’t say that Noah’s ark landed on Mount Ararat in Turkey, it states that the ark came to rest on the “mountains1 of Ararat” (Gen. 8.4). Ararat is a region which is nearly in the middle of Armenia, between the Araxes and the lakes Van and Urumiah (2 Ki. 19:37; Isa. 37:38) and it’s  called by the Armenians Araratis even today.2 Some sources say that the ark is somewhere in the surrounding region, like The Book of Jubilees, which makes the claim that the landing location is on Mount Lubar.3 The very best guesses can be narrowed down by investigating the reliability of the original sources since there are many other mountains that are said to be the resting place of one of the most fascinating mysteries; lost to time or buried by nature. 

There’s a bizarre and interesting link that’s allegedly connected to one of the most famous Assyrian kings mentioned in the Bible. The loud and proud Sennacherib successfully campaigned against seven cities on Nipur, today known as Mt. Judi, on a rampage before his attack on Jerusalem. To commemorate the victories he raised nine stone panels near the top of the mountain and one located at its base. The inscriptions on the stone panels reveal the ego of Sennacherib as he describes himself as “the great king, the mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, and the exalted prince!” He goes on to describe himself as an ibex, spurring on the charge up the mountain, through gullies and mountain torrents and reaching the highest summits. The impression one gets from his inscriptions is that he ventured all over the mountain to destroy those seven cities. The inscription happens to be eerily similar to what God said about him through the prophet, Isaiah (Isa. 37.23-25). Friedrich Bender visited Mt. Judi in 1954 and obtained wood samples from an object that some believe to be Noah’s Ark below the summit.4 This location also happens to be near some of the inscriptions that were left by Sennacherib’s masons. 

The Bible’s account of the Assyrian King’s death is brief but says, 

“And that night the angel of the LORD went out and struck down 185,000 in the camp of the Assyrians. And when people arose early in the morning, behold, these were all dead bodies.

Then Sennacherib, king of Assyria went to his home and lived at Nineveh. 

And as he was worshiping in the house of Nisroch his god, Adrammelech and Sharezer, his sons, struck him down with the sword and escaped into the land of Ararat. And Esarhaddon his son reigned in his place” (2 Kings 19.35-37). 

The Babylonian Talmud commentator expounds on this by stating,5

“Sennacherib went and found a beam from Noah’s ark, from which he fashioned a god. He said: This beam is the great god who delivered Noah from the flood. He said: If that man, referring to himself, goes and succeeds, he will sacrifice his two sons before you. His sons heard his commitment and killed him…this interpretation is based upon the etymological similarity between neser, the Hebrew term for beam, and Nisroch, the god that Sennacherib fashioned from a beam.”

The leading theory and argument against this claim that Nisroch is an idol carved from a beam stolen from the ark is worth noting as it might be due to a simple scribal error. The short version of the argument states that some of the Hebrew letters that make up both Nimrod and Nisroch look similar to one another, so a mistake could have been made. Outside of a possible mention in the Bible, an Assyrian god that goes by Nisroch doesn’t show up in any Assyrian texts. However, if the word Nimrod were the true intentions of the biblical scribes, that doesn’t make the passage any less interesting. 

————————————————————————————————-

1Ararat a region and not a mountain. Schroeder, Thes. Ling. Arm. p. 55. 

2Araratis, “the curse reversed: precipitation of curse”

3CF. Jubilees VIII.21 

4Bender’s samples are far from conclusive and even challenged by other creationist. 

5Babylonian Talmud: Tractate Sanhedrin, folio 96a. Sennacherib inscribed his own image and an account of his ascent on the side of Mount Cudi (Judi). 

Sennacherib’s death is the first time that the Bible mentions “Ararat” again since the account of Noah. 

A Biblical Flood In Our Time:

Hurricane Helene’s Lessons

Brent Pollard

In a remarkable display of divine providence, a changing storm pattern guided Helene far to the east, sparing my cherished home in the north Georgia mountains from its fury. Though this may bring scant solace to those affected by the storms in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, I reflect on the profound insights that the sorrowful occurrences of late September 2024 have unveiled. Sometimes, extreme weather events’ catastrophic character justifies using terms like “biblical.” Indeed, WUNC’s Due South featured an article on the aftermath of Hurricane Helene, capturing the devastation with the phrase “biblical destruction.”

Peter tells us that the great flood swept away the world existing before Noah’s days (2 Peter 3.6). Similarly, WSPA shared a segment from their newscast on YouTube, aptly titled “Hurricane Helene Geographically Changed Western NC River, Fire Chief Said.” In the report, the journalist referenced a first responder from Swannanoa, who shared that the landscape surrounding the Swannanoa River had transformed significantly over the three days of relentless rain and flooding. This change necessitated remapping the area to facilitate the rescue of individuals and the execution of other essential duties!

One might ponder how three days of rain could bring about such a remarkable transformation. Yet, Helene’s four outcomes turned the familiar into the terra incognito.

  • Channel shifts: Rivers and streams changed course, forming new channels or eroding existing ones.
  • Sediment deposition: Floodwaters transported significant sediment downstream, affecting riverbeds and water quality.
  • Landslides: Heavy rainfall created instability, resulting in landslides that blocked waterways and altered water flow. 
  • Erosion: Increased water flow has accelerated erosion, particularly in areas with vulnerable soils, altering the shape and depth of river valleys.

From September 25 to 27, Yancey County, North Carolina, got hit with a remarkable 31.3 inches of rain in just a few days. This recorded amount is the highest in the region, surpassing all others with noteworthy distinction. But what if you were to multiply that number by forty days? What wonders might forty days bring if three days can transform a place beyond recognition? Noah constructed the Ark as a refuge amidst the deluge that engulfed the earth, resulting from relentless forty-day rain and the shattering of the planet’s vast aquifers (Genesis 7.11–12).

Anyone who survived Hurricane Helene’s destructive energy will find it more difficult to dismiss the idea of an angry God using water to cleanse the world’s surface of a creation that had become too pesky with its sin. Indeed, it is not difficult to believe that God could use a flood to inundate the world, but that in so admits that there is One to whom we must all account (cf. Romans 14.12). This admission is what the skeptic and scoffer seek to avoid.

The profound effects of Hurricane Helene stand as a poignant reminder of nature’s untamed strength and our enduring fragility in the face of forces that lie beyond our grasp. Though our technological advancements allow us to monitor, assess, and occasionally foresee these devastating occurrences, nature’s power reminds us of her power to transform our world in just a matter of days. The changing landscape of western North Carolina resonates with timeless stories of divine influence woven through the fabric of nature, inviting both the faithful and the doubtful to ponder deeper truths about our connection to the world around us and, perhaps, to its Maker. As communities rise anew and adjust to their transformed landscapes, the teachings of Helene—echoing the timeless story of Noah’s flood—persist in their relevance, urging us to honor the power of nature and recognize our limitations as we journey through the challenges of our ever-changing world.

Genesis: These Are The Generations (LII)

Of Burials, Begging, Blessings, And Bones (50:1-26)

Neal Pollard

The book of Genesis ends with the death of two major characters. Actually, Jacob’s death is found in the last verse of chapter 49, but the discharge of his body in covered in this chapter. The very book of Genesis will end with the death of Joseph. In between, we observe some interesting details.

Israel Is Honored (1-14). What a stark contrast that the nation named for him would be dishonored and abused soon after, during the lifetime of Moses. But, when Jacob (Israel) had died, Joseph honored him with emotion (1) then embalming (2). This process is what many of us have become familiar with as mummification. “Embalm” is a word meaning to make spicy or to ripen, but the lengthy process of 40 days suggests more than the local funeral home does today (3; see note below for more). Joseph and his brothers honor him by making the trek to Machpelah to bury their father in the family cemetery. Even the Canaanites honor him and rename the place of the sons’ mourning, noting, “This is a grievous mourning for the Egyptians” (11). Later Canaanites would not be so sympathetic toward Israel. 

The Brothers Are Frightened (15-18). Thinking perhaps that their father was a buffer between themselves and Joseph’s resentment, they send a messenger to attempt their self-preservation. In the message, they remind Joseph of their father’s charge to forgive them for their sin against him (16-17). They seem to continue to live with the guilt of their violent betrayal so many years before (17b). They offer themselves as slaves, if he will preserve their lives (18). 

Joseph Is Forgiving (19-21). Their plea makes him weep (18). Joseph has laser-sharp perspective on all that has transpired. First, he indicates that God had and would administer justice according to His will (19). Second, he acknowledges their evil against him, but also that God was at work through even such actions to bring about great good, preserving many people alive (20). Then, he pledged to provide for them and their children, speaking words of comfort and kindness to them. If you ever seek a model of what true forgiveness looks like, reread this section of Genesis. 

Life Goes On (22-26). Moses punctuates this epic, inaugural Bible book by showing the happy, full life Joseph lives. We often think of Joseph, the young man or in the prime of his life. But, Genesis ends with Joseph, the grandfather, great-grandfather, and even great-great-grandfather. He tells his brothers he is about to die, but makes them swear that they would carry his bones out of Egypt (25). Why was this an indication of his faith (Heb. 11:22)? Perhaps because he would not be carried out for 360 years, after the periods of bondage, wandering, and conquest occur (Josh. 24:32). 

Mathews notes that Jacob and Joseph are the only two biblical persons who were embalmed (931). He also adds this interesting highlight to the fact that the divine purpose was being unfolded through the generations of men that lived and died. He writes, “Joseph and Joshua are the bookends of Israel’s sojourn in Egypt. The mention of ‘Egypt’ as the final word of Genesis prepares the way for the events that follow in the Book of Exodus. Although the promise to the patriarchs was not yet fulfilled, and indeed appeared very far from ever being accomplished, the Book of Genesis is calling on the reader to take up the faith of Joseph in the promises made to the Fathers” (ibid.). 

Such basic themes form a fitting end to this great book. It is appointed unto men once to die, and then the judgment (Heb. 9:27). All the living know they will die (Ecc. 9:5). As long as we’re in these bodies, we’re tempted by fear and anxiety. Sometimes, the cause is self-inflicted. We agonize over the guilt of our past. Life is blessed, not only by divine forgiveness but by those great human beings who reflect the Father by being forgiving. Extending forgiveness can make all the difference in the hearts of the guilty. Then, as long as life goes on, life will go on (Ecc. 1:4)! So it will be as one turns the page to Exodus. 

NOTE: “To embalm refers to the process used by the Egyptians to preserve the bodies of humans and some animals. The internal organs were removed and the body was dried out. Spices and oils were applied, and then the body was tightly wrapped with linen strips. Finally the body was placed in a decorated mummy case. Some of these procedures may be seen in paintings on the walls of Egyptian tombs. The reason for preserving Jacob’s body is that, being Joseph’s father, he is treated as a person of high rank. Moreover, the long trip back to Canaan with the body made it essential” (Reyburn, William David, and Euan McG. Fry. A Handbook on Genesis. New York: United Bible Societies, 1998. Print. UBS Handbook Series, p. 1104). 

Genesis: These Are The Generations (LI)

The Fate Of The Sons Of Jacob (49:1-33)

Neal Pollard

In this chapter, Jacob delivers his last address. At the end of it, he “drew his feet into the bed and breathed his last, and was gathered to his people” (33). His final words have to do with “days to come” (1). Reading the rest of Scripture, we can see fulfillment in the land promise and seed promise. From these sons will come the tribes of the nation of Israel (28), and from one of these sons, Judah (8-12), would come the bringer of peace, a king praised by his brothers. This would first be fulfilled by David and his descendants, then ultimately by the Messiah.

There are technical concerns about a variety of Hebrew words which are difficult to translate. Reyburn and Fry say, “Chapter 49 is considered by many as one of the most difficult in the entire Old Testament. Many lines in verses 2–27 are burdened with textual uncertainties. There are many places where the meaning of the Hebrew is obscure, and the ancient versions do not agree among themselves” (UBSH, 1074). None of these effect the overall message and are burdens the translators have borne very well. 

There is an interesting suggestion for why the brothers are listed in the order that they are, since it is certainly not strictly in birth-order. Mathews suggests that they are listed in chiastic order (870). I have defined a chiasm in four previous Lehman Learners (Days 23, 422, 557, and 653). My explanation in Day 422 is my most concise effort, that a chiasm is “a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or modified form.”  The sons seem to be “capped” by Jacob’s wives, Leah (13-15) and Rachel (22-27), while the middle sons are those born to Bilhah (16-18, 21) and Zilpah (19-20). There is no theological significance to putting the handmaids’ children in the middle of the list, if this is chiastic. Perhaps the chiasm was simply a memory aid. 

As to the content of the chapter, what can we learn and how can we apply it?

  • Reuben (3-4). Sin brings dishonor and strips us of our potential. Reuben had the esteem and honor of firstborn, but his lack of self-control cost him that “rank.” His impulsiveness led him to sleep with Rachel’s handmaid, in utter disregard for and disrespect of his father. The old adage is true, that sin will take you further than you wanted to go, keep you longer than you wanted to stay, and cost you more than you wanted to pay.
  • Simeon and Levi (5-7).  These two sons, born to Jacob by Leah, were full-blooded siblings to Dinah. She was the sister raped by Shechem (34:2). They were given to brutality against man and beast. They took vengeance into their own hands. They had disregard for life, and it cost not only their victims but also themselves. They lost their inheritance. Levi was given 48 cities throughout the land and Simeon’s descendants would be dispersed among the tribe of Judah (Josh. 19:1-9). Reuben was driven by lust, while Simeon and Levi were driven by wrath. Both wreak havoc. Who has not witnessed the devastation of someone’s out of control anger (cf. Eph. 4:26-27)? Proverbs repeatedly warns against such anger (12:16; 19:19; 22:24; 27:4; 30:33). 
  • Judah (8-12). After pronouncing curses on his first three sons, Jacob appears to bestow on Judah the customary privileges of the firstborn upon Judah. In that sense, his brothers would bow down to him (8). Yet, there is also prophesy of the royal line coming from his seed.  While there are multiple issues involved in interpreting these verses, all basically amalgamate into the consensus idea that this is first fulfilled in David and ultimately in the Messiah. Even Jews who reject Jesus of Nazareth widely accept that Jacob foresaw the Anointed One. To Judah would belong power, authority, and riches. The Lion of Judah, Jesus (Rev. 5:5), can rightly be described as “He who is the blessed and only Sovereign, the King of kings and Lord of lords, who alone possesses immortality and dwells in unapproachable light, whom no man has seen or can see. To Him be honor and eternal dominion! Amen” (1 Tim. 6:15-16).
  • Zebulun (13). His territory would mark the place where Jesus begins His ministry (Mat. 4:15-16; cf. Isa. 9:1). Unremarkable in most ways, his descendants would still have a part in the mission of the Redeemer. Even if your part is a small part, don’t despise it (cf. Zech. 4:10)! Every part is valuable (Eph. 4:16)! 
  • Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher, and Naphtali (14-21).These would all have allotments in the northern kingdom when once it was divided later. Heroes would arise from them, like Anna from Asher (Luke 2:36). Despite their relative anonymity, they also received promises and blessings, too. They would have a part to play in God’s unfolding plan. 
  • Joseph (22-26).  Jacob highlights the nature and character of God in his lengthiest of blessings to his favored son. He is the Mighty One of Jacob, God Almighty, the Shepherd, and the Stone. He wants Joseph to connect his blessings to the source of all blessings, who is God. With every blessing and good thing that comes into our lives, we should be quick to give credit and glory to God (Js. 1:17).
  • Benjamin (27). Despite the relative smallness of their tribe, the Benjamites would be fierce warriors especially in the early days of the nation. The first king would be from his descendants. They would be deadly and brave. What a reminder to focus on what we have and not what we do not have in serving the Lord. 

With this, Jacob reiterates his desire to be buried in Canaan. He has projected the future of his sons, who would eventually through their descendants come to that land, too. We have the benefit of the next 65 books to help us see the power and foreknowledge of God in fulfilling His word through Jacob to them (and us)!

Genesis: These Are The Generations (L)

Blessing Ephraim And Manasseh (48:1-22)

Neal Pollard

James Smith points out the nine things Jacob does in Genesis 48:

1) He told the story of God’s appearing to him at Bethel.

2) He adopted Joseph’s two sons as his own.

3) He reminded Joseph about his mother, Rachel’s, death.

4) He received his two grandsons.

5) He expressed amazement at God’s grace in seeing Joseph again.

6) He prepared for the blessing of the boys by crossing his hands.

7) He blessed Joseph in the person of the two boys.

8) He prophesies about the two boys’ future.

9) He willed to Joseph’s sons an Amorite sword and bow (the only reference to any war waged by Jacob).

(The Pentateuch, OT Survey Series, p. 224).

This is an excellent summary of the content of the chapter. What can we glean from this encounter that bears a lot of parallels to the encounter he had with his own father in similar circumstances when he stole Esau’s blessing?

Jacob is more theocentric than egocentric. Note how he acknowledges the significance of divine revelation in his past (3). He credits God for His blessings (4). He acknowledges God as the God of his fathers (15) and the guide of his life (15). He encourages Joseph to trust that God will be with him in following His plan (21). Remember how earlier in his life, Jacob relied on his own guile and craftiness. He encountered people, like his father-in-law, who ran a clinic on self-centeredness, and no doubt the object lesson did him some good. He had lived through decades of grief and sorrow, further refining him. Through his many ups and downs, his material prosperities and emotional disparities, Jacob had come to see his need of God through it all.

The book’s themes of blessings, descendants, and land continue. “Bless” (“blessing”) is a key word in Genesis, appearing 72 times in 61 verses. The importance of divine blessing is woven throughout the narrative of the book. “Sons” is found 367 in 302 verses in the book, factoring prominently in the genealogical emphasis of Genesis. “Land” (“earth”) appears 312 times in 252 verses in Genesis. How do they work together? God is responsible for blessing the descendants of His chosen people with a promised land. While we have to wait until the sixth book of the Old Testament to see that promise fulfilled, it was the stated, divine intention from as early as the twelfth chapter of the Bible. Notice how all those elements come together in verse four, as Jacob addresses Joseph: “and He [God Almighty, vs. 3] said to me, ‘Behold, I will make you fruitful and numerous, and I will make you a company of peoples, and will give this land to your descendants after you for an everlasting possession.” Do you see the blessing, descendants, and land? Jacob has Ephraim and Manasseh on his knee for this very purpose. He adopts them among his own sons, and they will both be allotted tribal inheritances. 

The younger is blessed above the older. God’s sovereignty will always prevail, and His choice will reign whatever choices His people make. Jacob supplanted Esau, but God chose Jacob over Esau (Rom. 9). Now, Jacob delivers the firstborn blessing to the younger son, despite Joseph’s overt displeasure. If God moves Jacob to do this, the text is silent about it. But that God approves of it is clear. In the unwinding history of the nation, Ephraim and Manasseh would be the chief tribes of what will become the northern kingdom when the nation divides. They would be more numerous and occupy more land in Canaan. Joseph is honored above his brothers will a “double portion,” having two of his sons in the place of two of his brothers (we see more about that in chapter 49). Among other things, this shows us that God’s power is not magnified more through the bigger, stronger, smarter, and like superiorities mankind may recognize. He exercises His power through choosing to do as He wills. Often, His ways shock and surprise us. As God would later say, “My thoughts are not your thoughts, nor are your ways My ways” (Isa. 55:8,9). 

Jacob will soon be dead. But the promises of God march on! As His people trust in and depend on Him, He is bringing them closer to the fruition of His purpose for them. May we remember that as we serve His Son today. God has a purpose for us and a promised land that awaits us as we faithfully serve Him. Each day we serve, we get closer to the fruition of His precious promises (2 Pet. 1:4). 

Genesis: These Are The Generations (XLIX)

Famine Fatigue And Future Funeral (47:1-31)

Neal Pollard

To be forewarned of a seven-year famine is one thing, but to have to live through its harsh realities must be quite another. This famine is described as “severe” (4,20) and “very severe” (13), causing its sufferers to “languish” (13). It gets progressively worse, forcing the people to give the government all their money (14-15), then all their livestock (16-17), and finally themselves, their land, and a fifth of their anticipated produce (18-25) to survive these unrelenting conditions. Having their priorities shuffled, the citizens of Egypt were very happy simply to have food enough to survive. They tell Joseph, “You have saved our lives! Let us find favor in the sight of my lord, and we will be Pharaoh’s slaves” (25).

There is a contrast in Genesis 47 that will reappear when God sends ten plagues upon the descendants of these people in Moses’ day. Israel will thrive and prosper while the Egyptians are afflicted. After meeting with the Pharaoh, Jacob and his children are given the prime grazing area in the land of Goshen (1-10). The area is described as “the best of the land, in the land of Rameses, as Pharaoh had ordered” (11). Joseph ensured that his family was provided with food (12). While the Egyptians grew more impoverished and dependent, the status for Joseph’s family was different. We read, “Now Israel lived in the land of Egypt, in Goshen, and they acquired property in it and were fruitful and became very numerous” (27). Perhaps seeds of resentment and distrust were first sown here; at some point, they would boil over and bring bondage to Israel’s descendants.

The chapter ends with Jacob getting his affairs in order. He has reached the age of 147, 17 years after he had moved to Egypt (9). The narrative from verse 27 through 31 obviously covers the time after the famine. Jacob calls Joseph to him and makes his son swear to him that he would not be buried in Egypt (29-30). He wants to be interred in the cave of Machpelah with his grandparents and parents (23:17-20; 25:9-10; 35:29; 49:29-32; 50:13; Acts 7:16). That this latter request was driven by faith is established by the writer of Hebrews (11:21b). 

What relevance and significance can we draw from the narrative in chapter 47? First, it is comforting to know that the Lord makes a distinction between His people and others. As Moses will tell a later pharaoh, God would treat His people with favor “that you may understand how the LORD makes a distinction between Egypt and Israel” (Ex. 11:7). David writes, “But know that the Lord has set apart the godly man for Himself; The Lord hears when I call to Him” (Ps. 4:3; cf. Ps. 31:23). Under Christ, we are “a people for God’s own possession” (1 Pet. 2:9). It is powerful encouragement to know that we are redeemed and purified by God to Himself (Ti. 2:14)!

Further, we are reminded that God still provides in times of difficulty. Even for the Egyptians, though they lost so much materially, they had the necessities provided. During the most inhospitable conditions, the rule is as stated in Acts 14:17 that God does good and gives us “rains from heaven and fruitful seasons, satisfying your hearts with food and gladness.” Times may get hard, but He’ll provide food and covering (1 Tim. 6:7). He knows we have need of it (Mat. 6:32). So, Jesus counsels us, “Do not be worried…” (Mat. 6:25).

Finally, Jacob exemplifies a longing all of us should have. He was stuck in Egypt, but he longed to return to Canaan. He makes Joseph swear that he will carry his body back to the family cemetery upon his death (30). In his case, Jacob embraced the promise God had given to his grandfather, his father, and himself. Canaan was the promised land. He wanted his remains there! While this is no precedence for our physical burial practices, it reflects a mindset we should have. We often sing it. “This world is not my home, I’m just a passing through!” We may have to sojourn in this world for a time, but this is not home (2 Tim. 4:18; Heb. 11:16)! 

Genesis: These Are The Generations (XLVIII)

All Together Again (46:1-34)

Neal Pollard

The caravan noted in this chapter will make up 70 in Jacob’s household who will eventually blossom into the nation of Israel (remembering that this is the name God gave Jacob). Moses will revisit this in setting up the bondage period in Exodus 1:5, then review it at the end of his life in Deuteronomy 10:22, while Stephen in Acts 7:14 follows the Greek Old Testament (and Dead Sea scrolls) for the number 75. There are any number of ways to account for the slight disparity in numbers–like asking who was counted or omitted among the sons’ families or Joseph’s sons’ families or how many daughters besides Dinah Jacob had (37:35). The point of this chapter is to emphasize, one last time, the genealogical importance of a family central to the explanation of how the nation of Israel was formed and how the Messianic line was being formed, too. What else might we observe?  

Worship was the first order of business (1-4). The evolution of Jacob’s faith was such that he was compelled to offer sacrifice when he came to the significant place of Beersheba, where his father had built an altar (26:24-25). God reveals Himself to Jacob there and reassures him that this move to Egypt was in accordance with His will. He pledges His presence to Jacob and tells him of the peaceful future that awaited him. Though some of the variables in this situation differ from what we will encounter today, may it be suggested that worship still is powerful and transforming today. God, through His Word, is still revealing Himself to us today and reassures us with His promises and helps us see that our future will be punctuated by eternal peace. 

God’s foreknowledge was demonstrated and His promises fulfilled (5-27). In Genesis 15:13-14, God told Abraham that this was going to happen. Now, about 200 years later, it is occurring. Don’t miss that God tells Jacob’s grandfather, “Know for certain…” (15:13). Repeatedly, the Bible highlights that God keeps His promises (Josh. 21:43-45; 1 Ki. 8:56; 2 Cor. 1:20). 

Truly, God’s promise to Abraham was now being fulfilled (8-27).It is interesting to read what undoubtedly is Egyptian confirmation of the Genesis account of Jacob’s family’s travel from Canaan to Egypt. Wilkinson writes, “A scene depicted on the tomb of Chnumhotep, the near relative and successor of Osirtasen I., at Beni-hassan, represents a company of immigrants, apparently Shemitic in their origin, entering Egypt with their goods, as well as women and children, borne upon asses. Without affirming that this was the Egyptian version of the descent of Israel into Egypt, it may serve as a striking illustration of that event” (‘Ancient Egyptians,’ vol. i. p. 480, ed. 1878; et al). Just one generation after it was only Abraham, Sarah, and Isaac, 70-plus people, enumerated in this paragraph, are filing into Goshen. 

Once again, we are indebted to James Smith for his masterful charts. He gives a summary of the household of Jacob which settles in Egypt in the land of Goshen.

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God provided a land of plenty for them to flourish in (28-34). While Canaan is called the land flowing with milk and honey and the destined possession of Jacob’s descendants, what a mark of God’s goodness to provide a place for them to burgeon into a people so numerous that Moses writes, “But the sons of Israel were fruitful and increased greatly, and multiplied, and became exceedingly mighty, so that the land was filled with them” (Ex. 1:7; cf. Ex. 1:12, 20). Goshen was that sector of Egypt where Joseph’s family is given to tend their vast herds of livestock. While we do not know exactly where Goshen is today, we do have clues. Jamie Banister says, “Clues to Goshen’s location are based on the description of the region, seemingly close to the Nile River, and the mention of Pithom and Rameses (Exod 1:11) as supply cities built by the forced labor of the Israelites who were living in Goshen. The general consensus is that Goshen was somewhere along the eastern part of the Nile Delta, probably in or near the Wadi Tumilat, a fertile valley connecting the Nile Delta east to Lake Timsah” (Barry, ed., Lexham Bib. Dict., np.). 

Does it not make us think of God’s goodness, giving every good and perfect gift (Js. 1:17)? Even in time of famine, His children have all they need to fulfill God’s purpose. That does not mean that following God always brings about material prosperity; we know from the whole of Scripture that it may bring tribulation (John 16:33). Yet, we do know God is at work to fulfill His purpose through those of us who serve and follow Him (Rom. 8:28). 

There is a foreshadowing of trouble to come is implied (34). There is a footnote at the end of the chapter, foreboding future events. Shepherds are loathsome to the Egyptians. That was the occupation of this family, and it would be of their descendants. At this time, the Pharaoh’s feelings of indebtedness to Joseph are recent, profound, and strong. But, later, it would not be the case (Ex. 1:8). While there would be additional reasons why later Egyptians would despise Israel (Ex. 1:10), this was an early one. 

Genesis: These Are The Generations (XLVII)

Reconciled (45:1-28)

Neal Pollard

Now, it was time. In fact, it appears that Joseph could no longer hold it back. All the emotion, all the years came flowing out in this moment of time. The days of contention with her brothers, the day in the pit, the years in the dungeon, as difficult as they were to endure, must now have seemed like a distant memory. In the entire narrative, this is probably my favorite chapter. Don’t you hate to see loved ones and dear friends at great odds with each other? Or those who have hurt loved ones and friends who refuse to make it right? So much water has gone under the bridge leading us to these touching moments.

Disclosure (1-3).

Joseph’s emotions are uncontrollable and he cries (1). He dismisses everyone but his brothers. His weeping could be heard all the way to Pharaoh’s house (2). Then, he said it! “I am Joseph! Is my father still alive?” (3). How many times since he had first seen them had he wanted to tell them, restrained only by his wisdom and perhaps the providence of God? 

Dismay (3-5).

While it may not have been divinely intended, I wonder if there’s a touch of humor in the brothers’ response? Joseph reveals his identity, “But his brothers could not answer him, for they were dismayed at his presence” (3). They are speechless! They believed him long ago dead, having rotted in some prison, abused by some taskmaster, or killed in the toil of a slave. But here he is before them. Of course, it was a sobering moment for them. The brother they betrayed had the power and backing of the powerful Egyptian nation behind him. Joseph beckons them to come near him, and he seeks to console them.

Discernment (5-8).

The brothers had been selfish, calculating, and without self-control. They had been wicked and sinful. What was Joseph’s perspective? He saw God in all this. Four times in his answer, Joseph credits God: “God sent me before you to preserve life” (5), “God sent me before you to preserve a remnant” (7), and “it was not you who sent me here, but God” (8; see his instructions in verse 9, too). Oh, for a heart, a mind, and a maturity to see life through Joseph-shaped glasses! To see my challenges, setbacks, adversities, and trials as the tools God uses to accomplish His purpose (Js. 1:2-4)! How that transforms tears into triumphs!

Directions (9-25).

Joseph urges the brothers to go back home without “delay” (9). He tells them where they will live, in the rich pasturelands of Goshen. He directs them to tell his father the power and position he had in Egypt. After all the weeping, embracing, and catching up with them, Pharaoh learns the news and rolls out the red carpet for Joseph’s family. He offers the best of the land (20), then Joseph lavishes them with many gifts. He heaps Benjamin with an extraordinary measure of goods and garments and his dad with extravagant gifts (23). Interestingly, he admonishes them not to quarrel on the way (24). The brothers comply!

Delight (26-28). 

Jacob is given the news and reacts like the brothers. He was stunned and in disbelief (26). But when he was shown evidence of the truth of their news, we read, “the spirit of their father Jacob revived” (27)! Something he thought was impossible was now the prospect before him. He would see Joseph again!

For all the dysfunction and missteps of this household, the beauty of unity rises like cream to the top! How it reminds me of God’s family today. While it is better to never have strife (1 Cor. 1:10-13), it is beautiful to see the humility, the spirit of forgiveness, the penitence, and the fruits of repentance that brings us back together again! When self is surrendered for the good of a brother or sister (Phil. 2:3-4), God is glorified and His work progresses. It is worth repeating: “Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brothers to dwell together in unity!” (Psa. 133:1).

Genesis: These Are The Generations (XLVI)

Passing The Test (44:1-34)

Neal Pollard

Is Joseph simply a bitter, power-hungry, and vengeful man, sadistically piling cruelty upon cruelty in payback for his brother’s wickedness so many years before? Even some commentators think so.  However, let us thoughtfully reflect on what has unfolded. 

Subjected to the unrelenting favoritism of their father, Jacob, for Joseph, coupled with the knowledge of his dreams, they treacherously sell him into slavery and deceive their father. Years later, through the famine, he is able to see them all once again (reminding ourselves the brothers do not recognize Joseph). They have changed. The test in chapter 44 proves they are not the same men who sold him into slavery.

Joseph sets and springs the trap (1-13). Not only does he put their money in the sack with their grain, but he puts his silver cup in the mouth of his youngest. After they leave, he pursues them with his house steward and his men. The steward is told to accuse the men of treachery, and the brothers are confident in their innocence. They even pledge death to the guilty, further pledging to be slaves if the cup is found among them. Yet, when the cup in found in Benjamin’s sack, they tear their clothes and return to the city with the Egyptians.

Joseph reprimands them (14-15). First, they bow before him again (14). Joseph asks them what they have done, adding, “Do you not know that such a man as I can indeed practice divination?” How will they respond?

Judah confesses their sin, then presents an eloquent case (16-34). At the outset, Judah sees this turn of events as divine punishment (16). They are ready to be as they made Joseph to be–slaves (16)! Joseph gives them the opportunity to abandon Benjamin. They could do so with full justification, since the cup was found in his sack. But, they will not. Why? Their father. Judah mentions him 15 times in giving their defense. They know he will be devastated. In addition, their youngest brother. Judah begs to take his place (33). They are no longer the brothers who wantonly sold their brother. Even given a legitimate opportunity, they will not leave Benjamin defenseless. 

This is all Joseph needed to know, as we will see when we keep reading into chapter 45. But, let us make some closing observations. First, it is wonderful that people can and do change. These men had some sinful baggage in their background. Yet, in the crucible of trials, they had been refined. They demonstrated their change with godly sorrow (13; 2 Cor. 7:10), confession (16), and an attempt to demonstrate fruits of repentance (16ff). Furthermore, we appreciate the preciousness of brotherly love. In this account, we appreciate it in its absence, but we also do when it is once again shown. The Hebrews writer urges it, saying, “let [it] continue…” (13:1). The Psalmist praises it (133:1). The church is strengthened by its presence and decimated in its absence.