Tag: Bible

Typology: There’s More To The Story

Dale Pollard

We know that the water can be metaphorically muddied rather quickly when there are countless faulty interpretations of books like Revelation, Daniel, Ezekiel, Isaiah, and other prophetic or apocalyptic literature. Typology is another misunderstood, and often misapplied, method of Bible study. I’m convinced that if we can spend some time studying the different “types” found in scripture, we can see God’s message for mankind more clearly and have a more profound grasp of His Word. This also happens to be a great way to grow our knowledge of scripture more quickly! 

 So first, let’s try to clarify exactly what typology is. Summed up in one sentence it’s, “referring to Old Testament things which are prefigured or symbolized by events and characters of the New Testament.”  

This may sound a little confusing, but let’s look at a few examples. 

 John 3:14: just as Moses lifted up the snake in the wilderness, so son of man must be lifted up. (Ref. Numb. 21:9) The Christ “type” is the bronze serpent; we know because of a specific New Testament reference. 

 1 Peter 3:20: “…God waited patiently in the days of Noah while the ark was being built, only a few people, 8 in all were saved through water,” this illustrating how in the same way baptismal water saves those who submit to Christ today. 

 Typology is not some mystic Bible code where we are free to translate events and characters in scripture as we please because God tells us exactly what He intended to say. 1 Corinthians 14:33 says that God is NOT the “author of confusion.” He has a message for us all— and it’s a message of hope.

2 Corinthians: Christianity Is Personal (IV)

The Way Aromas Hit People (2:12-17)

Neal Pollard

I was originally going to call this, “The way we smell to others,” but thought that might be misleading or inaccurate. Paul uses a very unusual illustration to make an important point in this paragraph of his second letter to Corinth’s Christians. The backdrop of the illustration was when he came to Troas to take advantage of an open door to preach the gospel. It was a trying experience, as he couldn’t find Titus there. He left them for Macedonia (12-13). 

In chapter three, he is going to change metaphors. But, first, he describes their work of sharing the gospel as like God sending His fragrance through them which others evaluate or judge (14-15). The same message “smells” differently to the recipients, based on the receptivity and spiritual condition of those hearers (16). But Paul makes clear that their motives and message are not “rotten,” but if it is rejected it is because the listeners are perishing (17). 

Think about how so many could hear the Son of God Himself teach and preach, and thoroughly reject it to the degree that they even took Him and nailed Him to a cross! 

When you share Jesus and the message of His saving grace with others, there will be those who find that “fragrance of Christ” (15) a “sweet aroma” (14). It will be so appealing to them that they leave their old life and follow Him, much as the men God chose to follow Him during His ministry. It’s attractive and satisfying. There are still so many with good, receptive hearts out there. We see that when we share Him.

However, be prepared for some to find that same message repulsive. It’s not what they want and not what they are after. Have you ever been sick in such a way that even your favorite foods nauseated you to smell them cooking? There is no more savory and appealing message than the Bible’s story of grace, but many will reject it anyway! It can leave us feeling so inadequate (16), but we must remember that it is not our message. It is Christ’s message. Our job is simply to spread it with personal integrity, honesty, and righteous motivation. His word will work its power on those who seek their satisfaction in Him.  

Montagues, Snakeheads, And Christians

Brent Pollard

Juliet’s poignant line, “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet,” from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, delves into the profound influence of names on identity and perception. This metaphor underscores that a name does not define the essence of a thing or person. In the play’s context, Juliet ponders over Romeo’s last name, Montague, associated with her family’s rival house. She asserts that his true self would remain unchanged even if Romeo had a different name. This argument posits that a name is merely a label without impacting a person’s or thing’s inherent qualities or worth.

Lawmakers in Maryland are proposing a solution to an environmental problem by changing the name of an invasive fish species known for damaging the local ecosystem. The snakehead fish, currently unpopular as a food source, could become more attractive to consumers if given a more appealing name. This example raises interesting questions about the power of names and labels in shaping our perceptions. The lawmakers suggest renaming the fish “Chesapeake Channa” to emphasize its connection to the Chesapeake waters where it currently resides. The aim is to rebrand the invasive species and replace its negative connotations with a more positive image. Given that snakeheads taste delicious, Maryland’s campaign may prove successful. This case illustrates how a simple name change can significantly alter our perception of an object, in this case, a fish.

Juliet’s perspective that a name is a label with no influence on the intrinsic qualities of an object is worth considering. It suggests that intrinsic attributes hold more significance than the names or labels we assign. This viewpoint allows for tactics like renaming a fish to enhance its appeal. However, what if a person or thing’s name reflects their identity and purpose? In such cases, it would be unwise to alter the name. This rose must remain a rose. This caution underscores the responsibility we bear when considering such changes.

Peter reminds us that a name holds significant meaning. In 1 Peter 4.16, he implies that if someone faces persecution, it should be solely because of their faith. For instance, if authorities punish a person for stealing, it does not count as persecution. Those to whom God has given the correction’s instrument should treat the offender lawfully, as mentioned in Romans 13. So Peter says, “But if anyone suffers as a Christian, he is not to be ashamed, but is to glorify God in this name” (1 Peter 4.16 NASB95). Though it appears only three times in the New Testament, the term “Christian” came to describe a community of believers who followed Jesus Christ’s teachings and distinguished themselves from Jews and pagans. It is the new name God promised through His prophet, Isaiah (Isaiah 62.2). 

As followers of Christ, it is crucial to identify ourselves as Christians. While being “spiritual” or “a believer” is not wrong, it does not define our identity as followers of Christ. To be faithful, we must fully embrace the responsibility that comes with the name “Christian.” This commitment involves living a life consistent with Jesus Christ’s teachings and values, actively following in His footsteps, being a part of a Christian community, and demonstrating love, compassion, and forgiveness in all aspects of our lives. Avoiding “Christian” may indicate a reluctance to accept the associated responsibility and accountability. By embracing our Christian identity, we respond to the call to serve as Jesus’ hands and feet.

In the end, while names and labels can sometimes be arbitrary or misleading, there are cases where a name carries deep significance and meaning, intricately tied to identity and purpose. Just as Juliet recognized that Romeo’s value transcended his surname, and Peter emphasized the importance of embracing the Christian name, we must carefully consider when a name represents something core that should not be rebranded or obscured. A name like “Christian” is not just a label but a calling to embody the teachings of Christ through words and actions. So, while changing names can sometimes be helpful, we must also respect when a name holds profound meaning that should be upheld rather than discarded for pragmatic purposes. Distinguishing between these situations requires wisdom and care.

Why You Must Repent

Carl Pollard

There’s a story told of a man who came forward every Sunday to ask for prayers. 

He continued responding every week for several months. Every time he would confess this same sin he would say, “Lord, take the cobwebs out of my life.” 

Finally, one Sunday, the man responded again with the same sin, and asked for the cobwebs to be taken out of his life. To which the preacher responded, “just kill the spider already.” Often, we come to God asking for forgiveness from the same sin time and time again, and yet we continue to leave the source of temptation in our lives. 

Sin always requires forgiveness. Forgiveness requires repentance. Repentance requires change! Repentance is a topic we are all familiar with. The word repent/repentance is used over 170 times in the Bible It is stressed as a part of the process by which we are forgiven of our sin. Verses like Acts 2:38 come to mind when we hear this word. To repent means to change your mind which leads to a change in direction. It means to feel remorse for sin, and it includes a change in lifestyle. 

When faced with temptation, true repentance is choosing not to sin. When caught in sin, repentance is a godly remorse. It is sincerity in your desire to “go and sin no more.” We understand this. It’s important for the born again Christian, but also for those who are wanting to be immersed and added to the body of Christ. 

We know what it is, but we also need to realize what it isn’t. Repentance isn’t just feeling sad. Paul tells us that worldly remorse is just feeling sorry that you were caught. 2 Corinthians 7:10 says, “For godly grief produces a repentance that leads to salvation without regret, whereas worldly grief produces death.” Godly grief that leads to repentance is remorse that you have sinned against the God of our salvation. 

Worldly repentance is hollow and empty. 

It isn’t feeling remorse just because you were caught doing what you shouldn’t. True repentance is so much more. True repentance does not regret parting with sin, false repentance does. True repentance hates sin, false repentance hates the consequences of sin. True repentance accepts godly counsel and accountability, false repentance avoids accountability. 

Our goal must be to practice true repentance, and we can’t fool ourselves. We are ALL in need of forgiveness, but we must be willing to confess our sins, to hate the sin, and change our lives to mirror Christ. 

Why Is repentance needed? Whether it is in relationships, in the church or in the world, God will not forgive us if we are unwilling to change sinful behavior.

Repentance isn’t just guilt, although guilt can sometimes motivate us to repent. 

In Luke 13:3,5, Jesus tells those who come to him to repent or they will perish. In this section several people come to Jesus to talk not about their own sins, but the sins of others. It’s a whole lot easier to see the faults in others rather than the blatantly obvious faults we have in our own lives. 

Here the people have done exactly what we continue to do today, talk about the sins of others rather than their own. But Jesus tells them they are horribly mistaken. There is power in repentance, and twice in this one conversation Jesus tells them to repent.

If I am honest, there have been far too many times I have failed to just “kill the spider.” I am ashamed of the sin I continued to feed all the while pointing out sin in everyone else’s lives. God will look at each and every one of us. He sees our sins and there is no one to blame but ourselves. Repent. Before your conscience is seared or the end comes. Repent.

1 Corinthians: That There Be No Divisions Among You (XI)

Unity And Complicated Marital Issues (7:10-24)

Neal Pollard

With so much moral confusion and corruption among the Corinthians,  Paul had his hands full in addressing the various complications that arose in this congregation. Having already dealt with incest, homosexuality, fornication, and even spouses depriving one another, he moves on to another complicated matter. What do you do when your non-Christian spouse wants to abandon the marriage? What are your rights and restrictions? 

Unfortunately, some have interpreted 1 Corinthians 7 as a passage giving one an additional “exception” to the Lord’s rule in Matthew 19:9 (this belief is often called “The Pauline Privilege”). Is Paul adding to the Lord’s teaching on marriage, divorce, and remarriage? If one’s spouse “deserts” them, is he or she free to remarry?

First, notice that Paul begins by reviewing just what the Lord said during His ministry (10-11). He signifies this by saying, “But to the married I give instructions, not I but the Lord….” (10). In other words, Paul reviews what the Lord taught as recorded by Matthew (19:1-12). It is a summary of that passage. Keep in mind that anything Paul subsequently says cannot contradict what the Lord taught in His ministry on the subject. Everything Paul says here must be understood in the light of how he begins–“stay married, but if you divorce, remain unmarried or be reconciled to the husband you divorced.”

Second, notice that Paul is dealing with something the Lord did not address in His earthly ministry. That’s what Paul means when he says, “But to the rest I say, not the Lord…” (12).  Paul addresses an apparent concern for Christians in a pagan society like Corinth (our nation would be a lot more like Corinth than Jerusalem!). Paul delves into what a Christian ought to do who is married to an unbeliever. He begins with the scenario that the unbeliever is okay with staying married to the Christian. In that case, there is nothing to do. Do not leave them if they want to remain married (13-14). 

Then, he discusses a scenario where the unbeliever is not okay with staying married to the Christian. A spouse would then be in a quandary, deciding whether or not to stay with Christ or choose the unbelieving mate (15). Paul is saying, your duty to your husband does not outweigh your duty to Christ. If they force you into that choice, choose Christ. Some try to make the word “bondage” in this verse refer to the marriage bond, believing Paul to say you are free to remarry. Paul is using that word throughout this paragraph to speak of being enslaved, not to speak of being married (“bondage” is found in eight New Testament verses; the other seven–Acts 7:6, Rom. 6:18,22, 1 Cor. 9:19, Gal. 4:3, Ti. 2:3, and 2 Pet. 2:19–all mean “to make someone a slave”; that’s what Paul is saying here. Paul uses the word for “marry” several times in this chapter, a different word with a different meaning altogether). 

Third, understand the rest of this paragraph in light of what Paul has already said. He is not allowing people to do something which, as he has already pointed out, the Lord explicitly forbad. His words in 1 Corinthian 7:15-24 do not give a person an additional reason to divorce and remarry. Paul is illustrating with the circumcision analogy what he has just taught in verses 13-14. 

There is nothing in this context or any other passage that teaches that non-Christians who obey the gospel and are in an unscriptural marriage can remain in that condition. He is simply using multiple means to make a singular point: “Do not become enslaved to man’s will because you belong to Christ.” Do not choose your spouse over Christ. If they threaten to leave you if you don’t leave Christ, you must stay faithful to Christ. 

Sin brings complications. No relationship must be honored or prioritized over Christ. When a Christian is married to a non-Christian, he or she is to do everything possible to win the non-Christian spouse (cf. 1 Pet. 3:1ff). As Paul says, ” For how do you know, O wife, whether you will save your husband? Or how do you know, O husband, whether you will save your wife?” (16). That’s the ideal. But in less than ideal situations, always choose Christ! 

The Power Of The Resurrection (Part 3)

Carl Pollard

 Previously we have discussed the importance of knowing for certain that Jesus lived on this earth. The power of His resurrection begins with the hope of His birth. We are all in need of a Savior. Thankfully, 2,000 years ago God sent His Son to take on flesh. He willingly came and left an example for us to imitate. Secular historians all agree that Jesus of Nazareth really did exist. But there’s more to this that we need to study. He lived, oh yes, He LIVED. But we also need to understand that He Died. 

Scripture says that, in John 19:18, “There they crucified Him, and with Him two other men, one on either side, and Jesus in between.” Mark 15:39 adds, “When the centurion, who was standing right in front of Him, saw the way He breathed His last, he said, “Truly this man was the Son of God!”

Scripture tells us that not only did Jesus live on earth, He was also put to death. John tells us that Jesus hung on a cross between two criminals. Mark records the response of a Roman centurion who saw the way Jesus died and said, “Truly this man was the Son of God.” 

God in flesh and blood hung on a cross for my sins, for the sins of the world. For me, having several biblical authors record the death of Jesus is more than enough proof. But let’s see what secular history has to say about His death. 

The Roman historian Tacitus said this in AD 117, “Their originator, Christ, has been executed in Tiberius’ reign, by Pontius Pilate.” Even Jesus’ worst enemies record His death. The Jewish Rabbis and Religious leaders wrote this in the Talmud, “Jesus of Nazareth was a transgressor in Israel who practiced magic, scorned the words of the wise, led the people astray, and said that he had not come to destroy the law but to add to it. He was hanged on Passover Eve for heresy and misleading the people.” 

The truth is, Jesus surely died for you and me. Scripture clearly teaches this, and so do many secular historians. For us to fully grasp the power of what comes next, we’ve got to believe that Jesus lived and that He died on a cross for you and me. 

1 Corinthians: That There Be No Divisions Among You (VII)

Unity Through Instruction (4:14-21)

Neal Pollard

Unity is not instinctive, or else we would not have so much instruction about it in the Bible. Paul clarifies why he is and is not writing this letter to them. He says it is not to shame them, but rather to admonish them (14). Admonish means to provide instruction in order to correct a behavior or belief (to provide instruction as to correct behavior and belief (Louw-Nida 414). It also carries with it the idea of counseling against improper actions. That sounds pretty negative unless you see how Paul does it. He writes like a father (15) to his beloved children (14). I don’t know about you, but I can endure quite a bit of correction from someone who I am convinced is doing so out of genuine love and interest in my soul. 

Paul was in a unique position among other voices of influence, in that he had actually been the one to teach many of them the gospel and help bring about their salvation (15). A “tudor” in New Testament times was more a person who led a student to and from school, who also supervised the student’s conduct (BDAG 748). Paul contrasts himself with that, and you can see a huge difference between someone hired to look over your shoulder as opposed to a loving parent who had a vested interest in your success.

Paul’s interest in their spiritual success is further proven by the measures he takes to see to it these Christians were reminded of what he taught them. First, Paul sends one whom he has taught and trained (Acts 16:1ff) and who actually worked with Paul among them at the beginning of the church’s existence (Acts 18:5ff). Timothy was going to do follow up study with them to help remind them of the apostle’s inspired instruction (17). For Christians to have their best shot at success, they will need to hear the same subjects from “the whole purpose of God” (Acts 20:27) on many occasions. 

Peter will write to another audience and say, “Therefore, I will always be ready to remind you of these things, even though you already know them, and have been established in the truth which is present with you” (2 Pet. 1:12). He goes on to say “I am writing to you” for the purpose of “stirring up your sincere mind by way of reminder” (2 Pet. 3:1). Why preach and teach about worship, gender roles, sexual morality, baptism, marriage, self-control, attitude, evangelism, and the like year after year? Simply because we forget, new Christians are added to the kingdom, young people come of age and need to learn what we already know, and external pressures and rival teaching can tempt us to abandon the truth. Paul, knowing this, was ready to personally and through other teachers make this effort to help Corinth, like Colosse, “continue in the faith firmly established and steadfast, and not move away from the hope of the gospel” (Col. 1:23). 

Biblical instruction is also key to provide attitude adjustment. Arrogance had shown its ugly head at Corinth (6,18-19). Do you know who Paul says has to really work at fighting arrogance? Those who have knowledge, especially knowledge without love (8:1; 13:2). Paul understood the true nature of God’s kingdom (20), and this motivated him to do whatever was necessary to further their knowledge but also their application of their knowledge (21). Look ahead in chapter five at what Paul is about to write the Corinthians. They are arrogantly embracing someone who was living in egregious sin (5:1-2). They knew better, but they were not doing better!

Instruction is about way more than Bible stories, facts, and memory verses. It is about letting the word live in your heart, keeping it in your heart, and living it in your life. How does God get that done? Through continued teaching, over and over again. What does God accomplish through it? Among the many personal benefits it yields an individual, it also helps produce and preserve unity in truth! May we never buy into the idea that growth requires abandoning God’s pattern and plan in order to appease people’s fleshly desires. 

Five Things Jesus Teaches Us About Temptation

Neal Pollard

Jesus knew temptation. The writer of Hebrews makes that point about Him in assuring us He, as our High Priest, knows just what we are going through in this life (2:18; 4:15). His suffering allows Him to sympathize. I am comforted to know that He understands, since He is like me (Heb. 2:17). Luke records this significant and pivotal moment in Jesus’ life before He begins His public ministry (Luke 4:1-13). It gives me necessary insight into who Jesus is, and it helps me fight the common battle against the enticements of my flesh, my eyes, and my pride.

TEMPTATION STRIKES THOSE IN A HEALTHY RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD. To be clear, temptation strikes “every man” (Heb. 4:15). But, sometimes we conclude that it’s not so bad or so frequent for the spiritually strong. Here is the perfect Son of God, described as full of the Holy Spirit and led by the Spirit (1), who encounters the tempter (2). Being spiritually strong can help make navigating temptation easier than it is for those who live according to the flesh (Rom. 8:5-14), but no one was closer to God and more spiritually healthy than Jesus as He walked the earth. How helpful to consider Paul’s warning here: “Therefore let him who thinks he stands take heed that he does not fall” (1 Cor. 10:12). 

TEMPTATION STRIKES IN PREDICTABLE AREAS. John classifies temptation into three major categories: “the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the boastful pride of life” (1 Jn.2:16). Methodical Luke lists Jesus’ temptation in that very order (cf. Mat. 4:1-11). The serpent, approaching Eve, must have appealed to these very areas at the beginning (Gen. 3:6). The devil does not have to get more complicated than that because these avenues are overwhelmingly effective for him. Though this and other passages reveals the evil one’s intentions and efforts, we are fully accountable for how we respond to temptation (Jas. 1:13-15). We must take responsibility for how we handle temptation. 

TEMPTATION STRIKES WHEN WE ARE VULNERABLE. Jesus has gone an unfathomable 40 days without food when He encounters the devil (2ff). The devil goes straight for this susceptible area. Think back to times when you haven’t gotten proper rest, you faced stress and pressure, you were sick or felt poorly, and other trying times. These can easily become doors we open to sin. All of us will experience physical and emotional weakness. We must be aware that these lead to spiritual exposure. 

TEMPTATION CAN MAKE US CALL WHAT WE KNOW INTO QUESTION. Twice, the devil uses conditional statements to try and create doubt. First, he says, “If You are the Son of God” (3). He called Jesus’ identity into question. Then, he says, “if You worship me” (7). He seeks to get Jesus to question His loyalty. It was not a matter of what Jesus intellectually knew, but Jesus dwelled in the flesh (John 1:14; Heb. 2:14). Be aware that temptation will cause us to question things we know, too. That includes our exalted identity and our true motivation.

TEMPTATION IS THWARTED BY AN OMNIPOTENT TOOL. Jesus wins His battles with the devil and temptation by leaning on truth. There are 86 quotations of Deuteronomy (the second giving of the Law of Moses) in the New Testament, and Jesus quotes this book in reference to each of the devil’s temptations (8:3; 6:13; 6:16). Proper knowledge and handling of Scripture helps even when enemies of truth, even the devil, try to misuse Scripture against us (as he does with Jesus, misapplying Psalm 91:11-12). Scripture is God’s own weapon, given to us not to cut and maim others but to fight off temptation and fend off the biggest threats to our faith and soul (Heb. 4:12; Eph. 6:17). 

It is wonderful to contemplate a day in which temptation will be permanently past-tense (cf. Rev. 21:1ff; 1 Cor. 15:55-58). Until then, we benefit so much from seeing how Jesus coped with the bane of temptation. It also helps us appreciate what He endured in order to give us salvation. 

Origen Was Smart

Gary Pollard

I cannot recommend enough the books Origen wrote against an Epicurean named Celsus. He uses incredible (if wordy) arguments refuting the attacks Celsus levies against the church in his work entitled True Discourse. In his defense of Christianity and the gospels, we get this little gem (Cont. Cels. 3.39): 

And I am of opinion that it was on this account that Jesus wished to employ such persons as teachers of his doctrines, namely that there might clearly appear to all who were capable of understanding, that the guileless purpose of the writers being, so to speak, marked with great simplicity, was deemed worthy of being accompanied by a diviner power, which accomplished far more than it seemed possible could be accomplished by a periphrasis of words, and a weaving of sentences, accompanied by all the distinctions of Grecian arts. 

The power of scripture lies in its simultaneously simple and profound nature. It’s simple enough to be understood by the least-educated among us, and profound enough to give intellectuals something to chew on. Another evidence of supernatural origin, attested to by Origen. 

I Want To Be “P.C.”

Neal Pollard

   The P.C. train gets longer and more unsightly all the time. Self-appointed elitists shelter their pet groups and blast and decry any who offend the sensitivities of these select groups in any way.Under the Political Correctness shelter are certain groups defending sexual immorality in various forms, anti-Christian groups, and the generally philosophic liberals.

   Certain words mobilize their police force, terribly offensive words like God, Bible, work, men, patriotism, fossil fuels, and sin. Despite all the foregoing, I have decided that I want to be “P.C.” In fact, I think God wants us all to be. Let me explain.

   I want a “pure conscience.” The New Testament word “good” (1 Tim. 1:5; 1 Pet. 3:21; etc.) modifying “conscience” means upright and excellent. It is possible to have an unbothered or permissive conscience, but we can get this from blindness to our own faults, improper teaching, or by being guided by feelings over truth. I want a conscience, trained, softened, and guided, by a diligent attempt to know God’s Word and please God’s heart.

   I want to be a “passionate Christian.” We can get passionate about our ideas, pet projects, feelings, opinions, and worldly interests, but that’s not what I mean. I want to be in love with the Lord. I want to care deeply about those things about which He cares deeply– lost souls, truth, the church and each member thereof, etc.

   I want to be a “peace creator.” It’s easy to do this through compromise and unscriptural change. That’s not true peace (cf. Jer. 6:14). Yet, I do not want to be the center of strife, division, and conflict among God’s people however I can help that (1 Cor. 1:10). I want people to be truly at peace with their Lord (Eph. 2:17). I want harmony to follow in the wake of my path.

   I want to be a “pride crusher.” I do not want to be a crusader that stamps out others’ pride. That’s their cross to bear. I want to look at myself in THE mirror (Jas. 1:23) and see myself as God sees me. Wherever I find pride in my heart and life, I want to eradicate it (cf. 1 Pet. 5:5ff). I want true conviction that “pride goes before destruction” (Prov. 16:18) and that “selfish ambition” invites “disorder and every evil thing” (Jas. 3:16). I want to remember that “every way of a man is right in his own eyes” (Prov. 21:2; cf. 12:5), but that does not clear me with God’s perfectly discerning eye!

   Let me be “P.C.” in these ways, at least for starters. I am not out to please the world or to sacrifice my relationship with God to make either sinners or the self-absorbed happy. In these and other ways, I can truly be a “Paradise chaser.” I want that! Don’t you?

   

Deuteronomy: The Second Giving Of The Law (V)

The Power Of The Law (4:1-40)

Neal Pollard

In the New Testament, we are going to read about the superiority of the New Covenant over the Old (Heb. 8:6-10:18). But, even in touting the superiority of faith in Christ over the Law, Paul calls it holy (Rom. 7:12) and good (Rom. 7:16). It’s deficiency was in man’s shortcoming to fully keep it, not in the ordinances or statutes themselves. Yet, before Christ, they were kept in custody under the law (Gal. 3:23ff). Moses says, “listen to the statutes and the judgments which I am teaching you to perform, so that you may live and go in and take possession of the land which the Lord, the God of your fathers, is giving you” (1). 

The Law Exhorts (1-14)

He begins by stating emphatically that this Law could not be altered either by addition or subtraction (2). Its benefit was in keeping it just as God gave it. This law was to govern and guide them in the new land they were about to take possession of. When they kept it, the people would see through their obedience what a special and loved people they were in the sight of God (6-8). The Law contained reminders of where they had been and what had happened in the past, both good and bad (9-14). Life and blessing would be the consequence of this revelation. It brought honor in the eyes of men and favor in the eyes of God. 

The Law Warns (15-31)

We see the warning in words and phrases like “watch yourselves carefully” (15,23) and “beware” (19). The warning here centered especially around them turning to something in substitution for their faithfulness to God. He is speaking more thoroughly here about the second commandment which he will restate as part of the second giving of the ten commandments in the next chapter (5:8-10). 

The basis of the warning is what it would do to them–it would be corrupting (16) and the source of their swift perishing (26). The warning is also because of what it would cause them to do–be drawn away and worship and serve them (19). Further, the warning is because of what God would do to them if they gave themselves over to it–scatter them among the nations and cause their numbers to be decimated (27). Moses reminds them, “For the Lord your God is a consuming fire, a jealous God” (24) and idolatry would provoke Him to anger (25). 

God did not want the relationship to be marked by threat and punishment. These are forewarnings, for their own spiritual good. Even if they fell prey to them but genuinely, wholeheartedly repented, God would restore them (29-30). The God who warns through His Word “is a compassionate God; He will not fail you nor destroy you nor forget the covenant with your fathers which He swore to them” (31). 

The Law Gives Relationship (32-40)

Thus, with the blessings and cursing of the Law set before them in brief, God reminds them of the unprecedented relationship He had entered with them. No one had ever known a relationship with their gods, much less the God of gods, as Israel would enjoy (32-36). The foundation of this relationship was love (37). It was proven by His sovereign choice (37). Because of this relationship, God would stand at the front of their armies and fight for them (38), and He would bless their children and grandchildren with life and land (40). He wants them to take this to heart (39) so that they would play their part in this special relationship (40).

The Law of Moses was to be their national, political, and spiritual governance. It would remind them of their past, reinforce them in their present, and reassure them of their prospects. It was the mind of God revealed, the way He wanted them to go and the ways He wanted them to avoid. As their maker and redeemer, He knew what was best for them and what would hurt them. Israel needed to trust that, so Moses takes the time to lay the groundwork for the retelling of the commandments. They needed this foundation. 

Deuteronomy: The Second Giving Of The Law (IV)

“Conquering” Before The Conquest (3:1-29)

Neal Pollard

We can read ahead in the book of Joshua, appreciating that these military maneuvers were vital to building the confidence and experience of Israel in conquering their enemies and the territory belonging to them. Chapter two shows the first such battle, with the defeat of Sihon and the Amorites (2). The conquered territory was ceded to Reuben and Gad (12). Let us notice the content of this chapter briefly.

The defeat of the kingdom of Og in Bashan (1-11).  “The narrative says nothing of the route that was taken, though Numbers indicates that the point of origin was Jazer (Khirbet Jazzir) and, with Deuteronomy 3:1, agrees that its destination was Edrei (Derʿa), thirty miles southeast of the Sea of Galilee (Num 21:32–33). This would have been a fifty-mile march from the southwest to northeast through the Gilead tablelands” (Merrill, NAC, 105). Pointing to the previous battle, God reassured Israel that He would deliver Og into their hands, too (2-3). Again, they showed total obedience to God by utterly destroying everyone (3). They took 60 cities (4), “fortified with high walls, gates and bars, besides a great many unwalled towns” (5). While they destroyed men, women, and children, they took animals and spoils as booty (7). An important fact, though subtly inserted, is the impressiveness of King Og. He was the lone surviving descendant of a race of giants called the Rephaim (2:11). His enormous size is supported by his bed, confiscated by Israel. It was 13 feet long and 6 feet wide (cf. 11). 

The review of the conquered territory to this point (12-17). Moses summarizes all the land they had taken to this point in the region we call the trans-Jordan region (on the other side of the river). This will factor again in Joshua’s writings in his book that follows. Land is distributed to Reuben, Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh here. Here, Moses gives the eastern boundary of the nation of Israel. 

Preparation for passing the baton of conquering (18-22). This is summed up in two statements: “I commanded you (valiant men; the sons of Israel)” (18) and “I commanded Joshua” (22). The soldiers from this already-conquered territory would leave their wives, children, and livestock behind, and go into battle with their brethren to conquer the rest of the territory in the allotted promised land. The soldiers are told to cross the Jordan and fight until the whole land is subdued (18-20). Joshua, the next commander-in-chief, is told to use these victories over Og and Sihon as object lessons for what was to come. He is also told not to fear, since God would be fighting for them (22). 

Moses, a man conquered by time and circumstance (23-29). Moses begged God to be able to cross over into Canaan with the people and see the land up close (23-25). This is only one of two uses of the name “Lord God” in the entire book of Deuteronomy (the other is 9:26). It means “Yahweh, the Most Powerful One.” Moses speaks optimistically, knowing what God can do (24-25). God replies emphatically, saying what He will do (26-29). He will allow Moses to see the promised land from the mountaintop view of Pisgah, but not enter. Moses once again, in verse 26, makes implicit reference to his striking the rock when asked by God to speak to it (cf. 1:37; Num. 20:12).  Instead, Moses was to focus his final energies on preparing Joshua to finish the task of conquering (28-29). 

Moses appears to allude to one other “conquering” in the last verse of the chapter. Beth-peor (29) is probably the same as Baal-peor (4:3) where Balaam’s evil influence leads to the deaths of 24,000 people who served idols and committed fornication (Num. 25:1-9; Ps. 106:28; Hos. 9:10; 2 Pet. 2:15; Jude 11; Rev. 2:14). Thankfully, not all were conquered by that temptation to sin (4:4)! 

Reading through this chapter, I am reminded of Peter’s observations about certain false teachers in his day. He writes, “For speaking out arrogant words of vanity they entice by fleshly desires, by sensuality, those who barely escape from the ones who live in error, promising them freedom while they themselves are slaves of corruption; for by what a man is overcome, by this he is enslaved” (2 Pet. 2:18-19; cf. Rom. 6:16; John 8:34). There is literal, physical conquering in this chapter (1-22) and figurative, spiritual conquering in this chapter (23-29). Deuteronomy helps us see the way to overcome, submitted fully to God’s revealed will! 

God’s Word Is Your Compass

Brent Pollard

“For this commandment which I command you today is not too difficult for you, nor is it out of reach. It is not in heaven, that you should say, ‘Who will go up to heaven for us to get it for us and make us hear it, that we may observe it?’ Nor is it beyond the sea, that you should say, ‘Who will cross the sea for us to get it for us and make us hear it, that we may observe it?’ But the word is very near you, in your mouth and in your heart, that you may observe it.” (Deuteronomy 30.11–14 NASB 1995)

The Bible is widely known, but not all individuals believe in it. Moreover, simply believing in the Bible does not guarantee a transformation in behavior. This fact is unfortunate, as the Bible provides easily understandable and actionable instructions from God (see Psalm 19:7).

Despite the varying levels of belief, it is essential to acknowledge the Bible’s widespread availability and recognition. In this digital age, accessing God’s word is just a swipe away on a smartphone. Given the Bible’s evergreen status, it’s reasonable to assume that most people also possess a printed copy. This accessibility demonstrates God’s neverending ability to provide guidance and wisdom.

Given the Bible’s widespread availability, it is crucial to understand that it offers guidance and advice. We should always count on the Word of God as our compass, using it as both guidance and assurance. The Bible instructs us to discuss and share its teachings as a practical guide for daily living, using the phrase “in your mouth” (v. 14). It’s like a handbook for navigating life, packed with wisdom we can draw upon for all our daily decisions.

However, merely reading or hearing God’s words is insufficient; they must be internalized in our hearts (see Psalm 119.11). The text emphasizes the importance of internalizing the Word of God in our hearts. It is crucial to adopt the messages conveyed by the Bible to develop our values and actions. This internalization marks the beginning of a genuine transformation. As the teachings of the Bible permeate our existence, they shape our decisions, leading us to act with deep understanding.

The ultimate purpose of religious truth is to promote obedience, not satisfy curiosity or thought. Consequently, the word of God has immense power to motivate us to take action. As believers, we must implement the teachings of the Bible into our daily lives. Following its principles is a clear indication of our genuine faith. The Bible reinforces the importance of putting one’s beliefs into action (see Hebrews 11 and James 2.14–26). As James urged, we must be “doers of the word, and not merely hearers” (James 1:21 NASB 1995).

In conclusion, the Bible is more than just a book; it is a personal compass that deeply connects with our hearts and influences our conduct. God has crafted the teachings to make them easy to understand and practice daily. To fully benefit from the Bible, we must actively engage with it, allowing it to shape our beliefs, decisions, and actions. By doing so, we can experience the transformative power of God’s word in our lives.

Deuteronomy: The Second Giving Of The Law (III)

On Possessing And Dispossessing (2:1-34)

Neal Pollard

After detailing the rebellion and unbelief of the nation in chapter one, Moses highlights aspects of the latter portion of their wandering in this chapter. He breezes through the first 38 years of their wandering (14), explaining that these 40 years were to purge Israel of the generation of the men of war who refused to obey God’s command under Moses to enter Canaan (16). Moses highlights how God completely took care of their needs throughout the wandering (7). But, the emphasis of this chapter seems to be multiple object lessons concerning the nations they encounter near the end of their journey, nations they have some relationship to and observations concerning God’s care for them and the opponents these nations overcame. 

First, there are the Edomites (4-8a, 12). These descendants of Esau (Israel’s brother) have a healthy fear of Israel (4), so God tells them not to provoke them, attack them, or try to take their land (5). This was Esau’s promised land (5). Instead, they were to buy food and water from Edom, trusting God to help meet their needs (6-7). Heathen inhabitants possessed the territory before Esau’s descendants drove them out (12). Moses writes, “dispossessed them and destroyed them from before them and settled in their place.” The Edomites served as a pattern and example to Israel (12).

Second, there are the Moabites (8b-11).  These are the descendants of Lot, Abraham’s nephew. The same instructions are given concerning the territory of these people. Israel is to refrain from harassing them or provoking them to war (9). This was territory promised to Moab (9). However, like the giants Israel saw in spying out their promised land, the Moabites had a people as great, numerous, and tall as the Anakim (11). The Moabites called them Emim, and they apparently displaced these fearful folks. 

Third, there are the Ammonites (19-23,37). Between his mention of Moab and Ammon, Moses reminds the people that their faithless counterparts, these people’s parents, had God against them to destroy them. He doesn’t explicitly mention why here, but we know from numerous accounts that it was their lack of faith. As the new generation heads toward Canaan, they encounter Ammon. They hear the same instructions as concerning Edom and Moab (19). Again, the Ammonites faced giants like the Anakim (Num. 13:33) who the Israelites were too fearful of.  Moses emphasizes the Ammonites courage, even doubling back to Edom to make the point with Israel that Ammon displaced the Rephaim, “A people as great, numerous, and tall as the Anakim, but the Lord destroyed them before them. And they dispossessed them and settled in their place, just as He did for the sons of Esau, who live in Seir, when He destroyed the Horites from before them; they dispossessed them and settled in their place even to this day” (21-22).  In verse 23, he seems to give another example of a people, the ancestors of the Cretans (Caphtorim), who came to the land of a people, the Avvim, and destroyed them and lived in their place. That would be Israel’s task regarding Canaan.

Fourth, there are the Amorites (24-36). This enemy forms a sort of military exercise and preparation for the conquest. First, God tells them that they would defeat and displace them (24). Israel has grown into a massive, young, and vibrant nation, and people everywhere feared them to the point of dread, trembling, and anguish (25). The king of the Amorites, Sihon, king of Heshbon, is asked to sell food and water to Israel and allow safe passage through their land as the Edomites, Moabites, and Ammonites had done (26-29). But God used this to harden his heart, that Israel might see God’s deliverance as they obeyed His command (30). In fact, God said, “See, I have begun to deliver Sihon and his land over to you…” (31). Israel fights and God delivers (32-33). Israel “utterly destroyed the men, women and children of every city. We left no survivor. We took only the animals as our booty and the spoil of the cities which we had captured” (34-35). What a transformation of attitude! They could report, “there was no city that was too high for us; the Lord our God delivered all over to us” (36)!  This land would eventually become part of the territory of Reuben and Gad (Josh. 13:15-27). 

Moses is still reviewing the events of the wandering, settling now on the more recent past. But, notice that God is using these inferior, unchosen nations–their ethnic cousins–to show them what courageous action coupled with divine favor could produce. He also clarifies that these territories were not their land of promise, but areas to pass through on the way. He gives them a taste of what the conquest would be like, enabling their victory over the Amorites.

Sometimes, we can learn from the people around us to possess the courage, conviction, and tenacity we need to have in pursuing our God-given tasks (Luke 16:8)! They should never outdo us in their pursuit of their goals and purposes. We also need to be reminded that this world is not our home; we’re just passing through (Mat. 6:19-21; 1 Jn. 2:15-17)! May we never mistake this world for the world to come. Finally, our small victories here are all part of our endeavor to gain the greatest victory there is (1 Jn. 5:4)! 

Rational Faith

Gary Pollard
  1. Universal constants (ie. truth) exist. They must, or civilization would not be able to sustain itself. 
  2. Only one religious system has a flawless narrative from beginning to end: Christianity. The collection of sacred writings we call the bible is uncanny in its preservation and authenticity. No other ancient document has ever held up to academic scrutiny like the bible has. 
  3. While no organization is perfect, none have positively impacted the planet like Christianity has. Not even close. No civilization has been as functional as those which have been built on Judeo-Christian principles. Literacy is as wide-spread as it is because of the bible. 
  4. Evidence for the existence of a higher power is everywhere. If the bible — which contains a supernaturally infallible narrative — claims that the God we serve is that higher power, it is only rational to serve that God. 

“Faith is what makes real the things we hope for. It is proof of what we cannot see. God was pleased with the people who lived a long time ago because they had faith like this. Faith helps us understand that God created the whole world by his command. This means the things we see were created by something that cannot be seen” (Hb 11.1-3). 

We were not there 2,000 years ago when Jesus walked the earth. We were not there when he created the earth. We were not there when he came back to life. We were not there to witness any miracles. 

But what has been left to us is a series of compelling proofs, such as the complexity and order of the universe from the cosmic scale to the microscopic scale. We have a collection of ancient documents which have been preserved to a degree that no other ancient documents have, and which contain no narrative contradictions. We have a system of belief that, when followed properly, is the most functional way to live. We will not see with our own eyes until Jesus returns. Until then we are satisfied with the evidence we have, and we are confident in who God is and that he exists. This is the very definition of faith. 

Deuteronomy: The Second Giving Of The Law (II)

Why They Wandered In The Wilderness (1:1-46)

Neal Pollard

Interestingly, Moses begins the book of Deuteronomy by giving the date, location, audience, and reason for writing. He gathered all Israel in the portion of the wilderness in the land of Moab, on the first day of the 11th month of the 40th year of their wandering. He writes that with his first address to the people he did so to “expound this law” (5). In order to give a detailed explanation of the law, he chooses to review exactly how they came to be in their current predicament. 

A Rejected Mission (6-25). Moses starts his review at Mt. Sinai, where God told them to go and take possession of Canaan (6-8). To mobilize and care for a people so numerous–at the suggestion of his father-in-law (Ex. 18)–wise and experienced men were delegated to judge any grievances and issues among the people (9-18). When they arrived at Kadesh-Barnea in the hill country of the Amorites (19-20), they glimpsed their promised land (21). Moses admonished them, “Do not fear or be dismayed” (21b). The people devised the plan of sending spies into Canaan to bring back produce and a report of what they found in the land, which Moses approved (22-25). What he did not approve was their evaluation. 

A Rebellious Men (26-33). Moses says that despite acknowledging that the land was good, they were rebellious and unwilling (26). They grumbled (27). The spies spread fear into the hearts of the people (28). They were shocked and afraid (29). They did not trust God, despite His faithful leadership and protection (30-33). An objective as ancient as Abraham, the very target they aimed at upon their exodus from Egypt, was now shunned. They let emotions overshadow their God-given purpose. For this, God calls them an “evil generation” (35). 

A Recompensing Maker (34-46). Moses tells us how God felt about their distrust and disobedience. Not only was He angry with the nation (34), He would be angry for Moses during the wandering (37; Num. 20:12; Deut. 3:26; 4:21). God took an oath against them, a sobering image to consider (34). That generation was forbidden from entering Canaan (35,40), with the exception of Caleb who “followed the Lord fully” (36) and Joshua who would succeed Moses (38). Their children, whom they used as an excuse for disobedience, would grow up and go do what they lacked the faith to accomplish (39). Hearing this, the people suddenly mustered their courage and attempted to take the land. But God had withdrawn His help, and the people were chased as if by bees and “crushed…from Seir to Hormah” (41-44). Again, they were being  rebellious and presumptuous (43). They wept to the Lord, but He would not listen to a people who had stubbornly rejected His Word (45). They were consigned to circle around Mount Seir for the duration of their wandering (2:1ff). 

This new generation needed to know exactly why there were in the wilderness. They needed to know the way to leave the wilderness and to take the promised land. They needed to be more intimately acquainted with the God who had preserved them these 40 years, to trust Him as He led them in the conquest to come. They needed to come face to face with the faults of their fathers, to avoid repeating the deadly cycle. To go forward, it is often helpful to remember the past. We do not have to be enslaved by it, but we must be educated by it. Therefore, the wilderness experience will be retold by Bible writers throughout the Old Testament and even reviewed in the various genres of New Testament literature: the gospels (John 3:14; 6:32), history (Acts 7:44), and the epistles (1 Cor. 10:5; Heb. 3:8,17). In fact, Paul said God wants us to learn from this generation how not to live (1 Cor. 10:11). Moses is trying to do that with the next generation, to get them to see where their fathers had fallen short. 

If The Gospel Isn’t Working

Dale Pollard
The longest train ever recorded in history was the Australian BHP Iron Ore. The cars behind it stretched approximately 4.6 miles. To provide some mind-boggling perspective here's what one train-fanatic wrote, 

“Driven by a single driver, the line’s 99,734-ton and 682-car train was able to carry 82,000 tons (181 million pounds) of iron ore. The Australian BHP Iron Ore can fit about 24 Eiffel Towers…The weight of this train being the same as about 402 Statues of Liberty.”

Trains are impressive heavy-haulers, but only under the right conditions. On the tracks they’ll whistle while they work but once they’re derailed— they only whistle. Trains don’t work without tracks. 

Paul would make an interesting appeal to the saints who met at the infant church family in Thessalonica. He asks that they pray for the powerful gospel to have a straight path so it could move quickly. His exact words were,

“pray for us, that the word of the Lord may run swiftly and be glorified…”

2 Thess. 3.1b 

In a simple yet inspired prayer request a practical and profound implication steps out of subtlety— Prayerlessness will hinder the furtherance of the gospel. 

Based on this text, the content of congregational prayers may be in need of careful inspection. Reevaluating your evangelistic ministries, online presence, visibility in the community, advertising efforts, kingdom expenditures, and even the dynamics the worship service— all must fall below the prayer line on the priority list.  

While Paul was writing to the Thessalonians, God was writing to the rest of us. He reminds us that this request should ring in the prayers of His congregations today. The written petition by itself informs the modern church that this is something that God is willing and able to do for us, He would just have us ask. The powerful gospel needs prayer— like a train needs tracks. 

A 21st century church member may occasionally think 

The gospel doesn’t seem to be as convicting in my community. It works just fine in other parts of the world, and it worked well in the past— but not so much here and now. 

More Reasons Can Be Found 

Here: James 4.2-3 
Here: Matthew 21.22 
And Here: Ephesians 6.19-20 



———————————
Quote, (A-z-trains.com)

Deuteronomy: The Second Giving Of The Law (I)

Background And Introduction

Neal Pollard

It is majestic. It is Messianic. It is a masterpiece of literary genius, even among the inspired books of the Bible. Delivered by an aging Moses as Israel stands at the cusp of Canaan, it is full of preaching and persuasion. The book is material that is necessary for the next generation, who had survived forty years in the wilderness, to ready themselves for what God had prepared for them. As James Smith puts it, there was a new generation, new land, new dangers, new prospects, new challenges, new duties, and a new leader about to emerge (478). 

There are 34 chapters, 958 verses, and 28,461 words in this book. The book’s name comes from the Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) and literally means “second law.” It actually goes deeper and further applies the original law given in Exodus to the previous generation. Deuteronomy has been called “Moses’ farewell address.” The Hebrew title comes from the first line of the book–אֵ֣לֶּה הַדְּבָרִ֗ים (“these are the words”). It is written in the plains of Moab east of the Jordan River in 1406 B.C., the last year of the period of wandering.

Try to go to far without reading a command, promise, or warning. Moses’ life’s work has been to get these people into the land God promised Abraham He would give to them. He knows he will not physically finish that job, but the law-giver was trying to ready them for life on the other side of the Jordan River in their new home.

There are different ways to divide the material of the book of Deuteronomy. One can see it as three individuals sermons, a shorter one (ch. 1-4), a long one (ch. 5-26), and a last, shorter, and summarizing one (ch. 27-34). The theme of each sermon is “obedience.”  Griffith Thomas sees it as giving the necessity of obedience (the Law of God), the motive of obedience (the goodness of God), the standard of obedience (the word of God), the incentive of obedience (the faithfulness of God), and the alternative of obedience (the justice of God)(166). These sermons may have all been delivered in the same day, and the timespan of the whole book is measured in weeks. 

Alternately, one could see the book as centering around the idea of “covenant.” God initiates the covenant, Israel receives the covenant, and the book of Deuteronomy contains the recording of the covenant. As such, the book gives the character of God, the character of Israel, and the nature of their relationship. Regarding God’s character, the book reveals Him as Elector of Israel (26:5-9), Redeemer of Israel (many places including 3:24-29), Defender of Israel (ch. 2,7,31), Benefactor of Israel (32:15-18), and Judge of Israel (ch. 7, 30,32-33)(cf. Merrill, NAC, 47). 

Kline Meredith observes that Deuteronomy reflects “vassal treaties” of their time, consisting of six parts: (1) preamble (1:1-5), (2) historical prologue (1:6-4:43), (3) general stipulations (5:1-1132), (4) specific stipulations (12:1-26:14), (5) divine witnesses invoked, and (6) blessings and curses (ch. 27-28)(Treaty Of The Great King, 1963). 

One other way to break down Deuteronomy would be to see it as looking back (ch. 1-4), looking up (ch. 5-26), and looking ahead (ch. 27-34). 

There are no new characters introduced in Deuteronomy, but a total of 15 characters already introduced are found in this book. They include God’s chosen, but also God’s enemies. Yet, the focus is upon the nation as a whole and their responsibility to hear God’s Word and do it. Their obedience would cause divine blessings. Their rejection would cause divine curse.

Themes to look for include the land, remembering, blessings, repentance, ethical and moral purity, listening, and loving God. Key words include all (264), today (59), statutes (29), sons (74), see (33), people (86), live (35), heart (46), earth (34), covenant (27), and eat (59). This is not exhaustive, but helps us get some idea of what the book is about and the material it covers. 

Let us drink deeply of this divine discourse, making application as we see how God longs to interact with His chosen people. 

Genesis: These Are The Generations (LII)

Of Burials, Begging, Blessings, And Bones (50:1-26)

Neal Pollard

The book of Genesis ends with the death of two major characters. Actually, Jacob’s death is found in the last verse of chapter 49, but the discharge of his body in covered in this chapter. The very book of Genesis will end with the death of Joseph. In between, we observe some interesting details.

Israel Is Honored (1-14). What a stark contrast that the nation named for him would be dishonored and abused soon after, during the lifetime of Moses. But, when Jacob (Israel) had died, Joseph honored him with emotion (1) then embalming (2). This process is what many of us have become familiar with as mummification. “Embalm” is a word meaning to make spicy or to ripen, but the lengthy process of 40 days suggests more than the local funeral home does today (3; see note below for more). Joseph and his brothers honor him by making the trek to Machpelah to bury their father in the family cemetery. Even the Canaanites honor him and rename the place of the sons’ mourning, noting, “This is a grievous mourning for the Egyptians” (11). Later Canaanites would not be so sympathetic toward Israel. 

The Brothers Are Frightened (15-18). Thinking perhaps that their father was a buffer between themselves and Joseph’s resentment, they send a messenger to attempt their self-preservation. In the message, they remind Joseph of their father’s charge to forgive them for their sin against him (16-17). They seem to continue to live with the guilt of their violent betrayal so many years before (17b). They offer themselves as slaves, if he will preserve their lives (18). 

Joseph Is Forgiving (19-21). Their plea makes him weep (18). Joseph has laser-sharp perspective on all that has transpired. First, he indicates that God had and would administer justice according to His will (19). Second, he acknowledges their evil against him, but also that God was at work through even such actions to bring about great good, preserving many people alive (20). Then, he pledged to provide for them and their children, speaking words of comfort and kindness to them. If you ever seek a model of what true forgiveness looks like, reread this section of Genesis. 

Life Goes On (22-26). Moses punctuates this epic, inaugural Bible book by showing the happy, full life Joseph lives. We often think of Joseph, the young man or in the prime of his life. But, Genesis ends with Joseph, the grandfather, great-grandfather, and even great-great-grandfather. He tells his brothers he is about to die, but makes them swear that they would carry his bones out of Egypt (25). Why was this an indication of his faith (Heb. 11:22)? Perhaps because he would not be carried out for 360 years, after the periods of bondage, wandering, and conquest occur (Josh. 24:32). 

Mathews notes that Jacob and Joseph are the only two biblical persons who were embalmed (931). He also adds this interesting highlight to the fact that the divine purpose was being unfolded through the generations of men that lived and died. He writes, “Joseph and Joshua are the bookends of Israel’s sojourn in Egypt. The mention of ‘Egypt’ as the final word of Genesis prepares the way for the events that follow in the Book of Exodus. Although the promise to the patriarchs was not yet fulfilled, and indeed appeared very far from ever being accomplished, the Book of Genesis is calling on the reader to take up the faith of Joseph in the promises made to the Fathers” (ibid.). 

Such basic themes form a fitting end to this great book. It is appointed unto men once to die, and then the judgment (Heb. 9:27). All the living know they will die (Ecc. 9:5). As long as we’re in these bodies, we’re tempted by fear and anxiety. Sometimes, the cause is self-inflicted. We agonize over the guilt of our past. Life is blessed, not only by divine forgiveness but by those great human beings who reflect the Father by being forgiving. Extending forgiveness can make all the difference in the hearts of the guilty. Then, as long as life goes on, life will go on (Ecc. 1:4)! So it will be as one turns the page to Exodus. 

NOTE: “To embalm refers to the process used by the Egyptians to preserve the bodies of humans and some animals. The internal organs were removed and the body was dried out. Spices and oils were applied, and then the body was tightly wrapped with linen strips. Finally the body was placed in a decorated mummy case. Some of these procedures may be seen in paintings on the walls of Egyptian tombs. The reason for preserving Jacob’s body is that, being Joseph’s father, he is treated as a person of high rank. Moreover, the long trip back to Canaan with the body made it essential” (Reyburn, William David, and Euan McG. Fry. A Handbook on Genesis. New York: United Bible Societies, 1998. Print. UBS Handbook Series, p. 1104). 

Genesis: These Are The Generations (LI)

The Fate Of The Sons Of Jacob (49:1-33)

Neal Pollard

In this chapter, Jacob delivers his last address. At the end of it, he “drew his feet into the bed and breathed his last, and was gathered to his people” (33). His final words have to do with “days to come” (1). Reading the rest of Scripture, we can see fulfillment in the land promise and seed promise. From these sons will come the tribes of the nation of Israel (28), and from one of these sons, Judah (8-12), would come the bringer of peace, a king praised by his brothers. This would first be fulfilled by David and his descendants, then ultimately by the Messiah.

There are technical concerns about a variety of Hebrew words which are difficult to translate. Reyburn and Fry say, “Chapter 49 is considered by many as one of the most difficult in the entire Old Testament. Many lines in verses 2–27 are burdened with textual uncertainties. There are many places where the meaning of the Hebrew is obscure, and the ancient versions do not agree among themselves” (UBSH, 1074). None of these effect the overall message and are burdens the translators have borne very well. 

There is an interesting suggestion for why the brothers are listed in the order that they are, since it is certainly not strictly in birth-order. Mathews suggests that they are listed in chiastic order (870). I have defined a chiasm in four previous Lehman Learners (Days 23, 422, 557, and 653). My explanation in Day 422 is my most concise effort, that a chiasm is “a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or modified form.”  The sons seem to be “capped” by Jacob’s wives, Leah (13-15) and Rachel (22-27), while the middle sons are those born to Bilhah (16-18, 21) and Zilpah (19-20). There is no theological significance to putting the handmaids’ children in the middle of the list, if this is chiastic. Perhaps the chiasm was simply a memory aid. 

As to the content of the chapter, what can we learn and how can we apply it?

  • Reuben (3-4). Sin brings dishonor and strips us of our potential. Reuben had the esteem and honor of firstborn, but his lack of self-control cost him that “rank.” His impulsiveness led him to sleep with Rachel’s handmaid, in utter disregard for and disrespect of his father. The old adage is true, that sin will take you further than you wanted to go, keep you longer than you wanted to stay, and cost you more than you wanted to pay.
  • Simeon and Levi (5-7).  These two sons, born to Jacob by Leah, were full-blooded siblings to Dinah. She was the sister raped by Shechem (34:2). They were given to brutality against man and beast. They took vengeance into their own hands. They had disregard for life, and it cost not only their victims but also themselves. They lost their inheritance. Levi was given 48 cities throughout the land and Simeon’s descendants would be dispersed among the tribe of Judah (Josh. 19:1-9). Reuben was driven by lust, while Simeon and Levi were driven by wrath. Both wreak havoc. Who has not witnessed the devastation of someone’s out of control anger (cf. Eph. 4:26-27)? Proverbs repeatedly warns against such anger (12:16; 19:19; 22:24; 27:4; 30:33). 
  • Judah (8-12). After pronouncing curses on his first three sons, Jacob appears to bestow on Judah the customary privileges of the firstborn upon Judah. In that sense, his brothers would bow down to him (8). Yet, there is also prophesy of the royal line coming from his seed.  While there are multiple issues involved in interpreting these verses, all basically amalgamate into the consensus idea that this is first fulfilled in David and ultimately in the Messiah. Even Jews who reject Jesus of Nazareth widely accept that Jacob foresaw the Anointed One. To Judah would belong power, authority, and riches. The Lion of Judah, Jesus (Rev. 5:5), can rightly be described as “He who is the blessed and only Sovereign, the King of kings and Lord of lords, who alone possesses immortality and dwells in unapproachable light, whom no man has seen or can see. To Him be honor and eternal dominion! Amen” (1 Tim. 6:15-16).
  • Zebulun (13). His territory would mark the place where Jesus begins His ministry (Mat. 4:15-16; cf. Isa. 9:1). Unremarkable in most ways, his descendants would still have a part in the mission of the Redeemer. Even if your part is a small part, don’t despise it (cf. Zech. 4:10)! Every part is valuable (Eph. 4:16)! 
  • Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher, and Naphtali (14-21).These would all have allotments in the northern kingdom when once it was divided later. Heroes would arise from them, like Anna from Asher (Luke 2:36). Despite their relative anonymity, they also received promises and blessings, too. They would have a part to play in God’s unfolding plan. 
  • Joseph (22-26).  Jacob highlights the nature and character of God in his lengthiest of blessings to his favored son. He is the Mighty One of Jacob, God Almighty, the Shepherd, and the Stone. He wants Joseph to connect his blessings to the source of all blessings, who is God. With every blessing and good thing that comes into our lives, we should be quick to give credit and glory to God (Js. 1:17).
  • Benjamin (27). Despite the relative smallness of their tribe, the Benjamites would be fierce warriors especially in the early days of the nation. The first king would be from his descendants. They would be deadly and brave. What a reminder to focus on what we have and not what we do not have in serving the Lord. 

With this, Jacob reiterates his desire to be buried in Canaan. He has projected the future of his sons, who would eventually through their descendants come to that land, too. We have the benefit of the next 65 books to help us see the power and foreknowledge of God in fulfilling His word through Jacob to them (and us)!