Tag: iniquity

Part 1: Moral Clarity in an Age of Antiheroes

To accurately understand Isaiah 5.20 against the backdrop of modern moral ambiguity, it is crucial to comprehend its original historical and literary context…

Brent Pollard

Text: “Woe to those who call evil good, and good evil; Who substitute darkness for light and light for darkness; Who substitute bitter for sweet and sweet for bitter!” — Isaiah 5.20

Expository Background: The Context of Isaiah 5.20

To accurately understand Isaiah 5.20 against the backdrop of modern moral ambiguity, it is crucial to comprehend its original historical and literary context. The prophet Isaiah shared his prophecies during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, a timeframe of around 740–686 BC. Concurrently, the kingdom of Judah experienced both material prosperity and a concerning spiritual decline.

The Literary Structure of Isaiah 5

Isaiah 5 opens with the famous “Song of the Vineyard” (vv. 1–7), in which God compares Israel to a carefully tended vineyard that produced sour grapes instead of the anticipated good fruit. The vineyard represents the chosen community, whereas the wild grapes symbolize their moral decline, despite being bestowed with plentiful spiritual blessings.

Following this parable, Isaiah announces six “woes” (vv. 8–23) that clearly illustrate how Israel has produced these “wild grapes.” Each lament tackles a particular transgression that had become prevalent in Judean society:

  1. An insatiable craving for acquiring land and possessions (vv. 8–10)
  2. A state of intoxication coupled with a lack of spiritual enthusiasm (vv. 11–17)
  3. Intentional misconduct and ridicule of the sacred (vv. 18–19)
  4. Labeling what is evil as good and vice versa (v. 20)
  5. Excessive pride and unwarranted confidence (v. 21)
  6. Corrupt authority and injustice (vv. 22–23)

The Specific Context of Verse 20

The fourth woe (verse 20) is essential in this list, underscoring its significance. The Hebrew phrasing employs four parallel clauses that form a chiastic, or mirrored, structure:

  • A: “those who call evil good”
  • B: “and good evil”
  • B’: “who substitute darkness for light”
  • A’: “and light for darkness”

This literary device underscores the significant shift in moral standards that occurred in Judean society. The messenger does not reflect accidental ethical ambiguity but rather an intentional and systematic inversion of the divine order established by the Creator.

Historical Circumstances

Archaeological evidence and scriptural records suggest that the land of Judah faced significant social unrest in the eighth century. While wealth increased and an elite class emerged, many people suffered from poverty and oppression. The political alliances of that era required concessions to the customs and beliefs of non-believing nations.

Crucially, in Judea, society developed complex justifications for actions that clearly violated divine laws. The wealthy justified their mistreatment of the poor as vital for economic growth. Religious leaders conformed to local customs to maintain political ties. Social elites altered moral standards to fit their personal goals.

Isaiah 5:20 specifically highlights the changing perspectives on morality within both intellectual and cultural contexts. The Hebrew verb amar, meaning “call,” suggests more than just a personal viewpoint; it denotes an authoritative pronouncement—key individuals were reshaping society’s moral discourse.

Theological Principles for Application

Several hermeneutical principles enable the legitimate application of Isaiah 5:20 to modern contexts:

  1. Divine moral standards are universal: The distinctions upheld by Isaiah testify to God’s immutable nature. What God deems wicked in one age remains wicked throughout all ages.
  2. Patterns of Betrayal in the Covenant: Though we do not belong to ethnic Israel, the New Testament recognizes the church as Israel’s spiritual counterpart (Galatians 6:16; 1 Peter 2:9).
  3. The Influence of Culture on Moral Understanding: Isaiah’s message targets the broader evolution of societal ethical standards, making his warnings perpetually relevant.
  4. The Weight of Leadership Endures: Isaiah’s woes address influential figures who shaped public values. Today, spiritual leaders bear a similar responsibility.

Two Goats, One Savior

Sometimes, we read in the Old Testament about events, people, and things, wondering its significance. But, if we keep reading, we will often see why they are there. Brent discusses one of those today.

Brent Pollard

An intriguing aspect of the Day of Atonement—frequently neglected—is the significance of the scapegoat. In Leviticus 16.10, the English Standard Version designates the scapegoat as Azazel. In contemporary discourse, scapegoat refers to an individual unjustly laden with blame during strife or turmoil. Remarkably, that concept traces back to the holy observance established by the Lord for the Day of Atonement.

We often focus on the goat whose blood the priest sprinkles on the mercy seat (Leviticus 16.15). And rightly so—this initial offering represented reconciliation, a blessing we yearn for profoundly. A definition of atonement is “making amends by offering something of equal value for a wrong done.” To put it succinctly, because the result of wrongdoing is death (Romans 6.23), the goat’s demise satisfied God’s just wrath.

However, the second goat—the one designated for removal—holds an equally important significance. Once offering the initial goat, the High Priest placed his hands upon the head of the scapegoat, proclaiming the people’s transgressions before releasing it into the wilderness (Leviticus 16.21–22). I have a deep appreciation for the way the NASB1995 translates verse 22:

“The goat shall bear on itself all their iniquities to a solitary land; and he shall release the goat in the wilderness.”

This vivid image reminds me of Psalm 103:12, “As far as the east is from the west, so far has He removed our transgressions from us.” While this imagery may not resonate with flat-earthers, round-earthers understand that traveling east or west never ends—you never “arrive.” Similarly, the scapegoat symbolically carried the people’s sins to a distant place where they could never return.

The significance for Christians is deeply impactful. The Lord Jesus, the Lamb of God, offered His blood, establishing a lasting atonement for our transgressions (1 John 2.2; see Hebrews 9.12; 10.10). Yet He also embodied the scapegoat—removing our sins (see 1 John 3.5). Both were essential for our purpose. For reconciliation, death was necessary; therefore, Jesus took on the role of our Paschal Lamb. However, reconciliation with the Divine necessitated the removal of sin—and it is in this context, the symbolism of the scapegoat fulfills its purpose.

Ultimately, the scapegoat is extremely important to believers. It reminds us that Jesus paid the price for our sins and took them away altogether. Jesus bridges the gap between us and God by dying and absolving our sins. He is both the slain Lamb and the scapegoat who carried our sins away. Through this dual work, we experience forgiveness, freedom, and reconciliation—a gift we should never take for granted.

Isaiah: Trusting The Holy One Who Rules The World (LVIII)

The Contents Of A Fervent Prayer (64:1-12)

Neal Pollard

Chapter 63 sets the stage for the obviously heartfelt, intense prayer of God’s people. Truly, “The one praying believes that the people who are called the ‘people of Yahweh’ should receive special attention and divine intervention from their God. The problem, of course, is that God cannot deal with them compassionately as long as they continue in their sins and do not confess them or turn from them” (Gary Smith, NAC, 684). Willful, habitual sin is a stubborn obstruction to effective prayer (1:15; 59:2). Yet, when we look at the heart of the one presenting prayer in this context, we see one who has turned a spiritual corner. The prayer here is of one totally transparent and humble as he calls on God in prayer. Notice the specific contents of this powerful prayer.

He calls for God to personally appear (1-2). The confidence of this praying one is that the evident action of God will be unmistakable in the eyes of his enemies (cf. Psa. 23:5). Those enemies will tremble when they see God in action. 

He pleads for God to duplicate His deeds of the past (3-4). This petitioner draws on his history and heritage, when God unexpected, awesome things. He has faith in a God who acts, who makes mountains tremble and who does what human eyes and ears cannot anticipate. 

He longs for fellowship with God (5). As fearsome as God’s power is, He meets with the one who rejoices in doing righteousness. Those who walk in the light need not fear or hesitate to commune with God (1 John 1:7). 

He asks for God to be merciful (5b). There is never a question of the flawlessness of God’s character, as perfectly balanced as a holy God would be. Why was God angry with them? They had sinned–for a long time! Could they hope for salvation while so stubbornly sinful?

He acknowledges weakness, sin, and inadequacy (6-7). How does God feel when one falls unpretentiously before Him? Jesus illustrates it well in a parable, when a tax collector could not even lift up his eyes to heaven, but was beating his chest, “saying, ‘God, be merciful to me, the sinner” (Luke 18:13). Jesus’ startling conclusion? “I tell you, this man went to his house justified rather than the other; for everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, but he who humbles himself will be exalted” (Luke 18:14). The praying one in Isaiah 64 confesses to spiritual uncleanness, with even “righteous deeds” being like filthy garments, withered by sinfulness and gnarled by self-sufficiency. Honest prayers have heaven’s rapt attention. 

He claims heritage and identity (8-9). Only in the wake of full confession does he dare to appeal to his spiritual family ties. He calls Him Father, Potter, and Lord. He claims to simply be the work of God’s hands and part of the people of God. On that basis, he hopes for mercy and compassion. 

He requests for God to restore (10-11). The present looks both grim and dim. The nation is decimated. The temple is gutted by fire. Its contents are now ruins. Only divine intervention can change the state of things. 

He prays for God to act on their behalf (12). The summary petition of this fervent prayer is brief, but intense: “Will You restrain Yourself at these things, O Lord? Will You keep silent and afflict us beyond measure?” As do others in Scripture (some 61 times from Exodus to Revelation), Isaiah is essentially asking, “How long?” In the throes of suffering, sorrow, and sin, we most acutely sense our need of God’s rescue. That’s where the prophet and the people are. It is where we regularly find ourselves. We never grow beyond the need of God’s gracious intervention. With such a sense, won’t we stay glued to the practice of fervent prayer (Jas. 5:16)? 

How To Refrain From Anger

Dale Pollard

Psalm 37.8

“Refrain from anger, and forsake wrath! Fret not yourself; it tends only to evil.”  Almost every word in this practical passage can provide even more helpful insight— so let’s dissect some of them!

Refrain: 

“sink down, to let drop, to abandon, to be quiet”

These are the steps that must be taken in order to avoid the damage that is certain to follow if ignored. 

Anger: 

“to blow through the nostrils”

This is the kind of anger that dulls the sensible mind. The choices (words/actions) made under the influence of anger are the just the beginning of coming destruction.  

And: 

There’s anger and there’s wrath. Anger can easily bring forth wrath. The command is to avoid that which makes you flare the nostrils as the natural progression of anger is escalation, referred to as wrath. 

Forsake:

 “to let loose, leave behind”

Drop it. Let it go. Do what needs to be done so that the command to “forsake” can be carried out. Leave, breathe, pray, reevaluate. Do it quickly and do it each time so that it becomes instinctual. 

Wrath: 

“hot displeasure, heat, rage, poison (as that which burns the bowels)” 

The Absolutes of Wrath 

  1. Our wrath gets us in trouble when we think we are the owners of it (1 Sam. 28:18)
  2. The answer to wrath is humility (2 Chron. 12.7). 
  3. Our wrath is based in ignorance (2 Chron. 34.21). 
  4. If you’re consumed by your own wrath, you’ll be eaten alive twice (Ps. 21.9). 
  • Eaten by your own & 
  • Consumed by God’s 

Fret not:

“to kindle, heat oneself in vexation, to begin burning, to grow warmer”

Tends only: 

“a one way path, the most likely outcome”

The phrase “tends only” shows up in Judges 16 where Samson asks God to grant him one final request. This helps us see how the word can mean a “one way path.” 

“Then Samson called to the LORD and said, “O Lord GOD, please remember me and please strengthen me only this once, O God, that I may be avenged on the Philistines for my two eyes.” – Judges 16:28 

Psalm 37.8 is telling us that human wrath is a path that can only lead to one end— evil. 

Evil doing: 

“shattered, broken in pieces”

Old Hebrew is a pictorial language and looking into a biblical word can really make a passage come to life. It doesn’t take any stretching of the imagination to see how “shattered” and “broken” so accurately describes the end result of “evil doing.” Evil is that which breaks and destroys our lives and the lives of others. The consequences are devastating but thankfully God is our guide to godliness. 

From The Problem To The Solution

Neal Pollard

Discussing a spiritual problem with one of our excellent elders, we were trying to pinpoint how our subject could be making the choices they were making. I said the problem starts with “s” and ends with “n.” He quickly said, the solution also starts with “s” and ends with “n.” Look at the difference at not just a single vowel, but what is represented by both.

Sin is a “contrary desire” (Gen. 4:7). Sin is “against God” (Gen. 39:9). Sin blots one out of God’s book (Ex. 32:33). Sin can be doing what God has not commanded to be done (Lev. 5:17). Sin is to act unfaithfully against the Lord (Lev. 6:2; Num. 5:6). Sin causes one to become guilty (Lev. 6:4). Sin is “impurity” (Lev. 16:16). Sin is to act with hostility against God (Lev. 26:24,28). Sin is to go astray (Num. 15:28). Sin is “doing evil in the sight of the Lord to provoke Him to anger” (Dt. 9:18). Sin is “transgression” (Josh. 24:19). Sin is to forsake the Lord (1 Sa. 12:10). Sin is linked to guilt (2 Chr. 28:13). Sin is synonymous with “rebellion” (Job 13:23). Sin can make one “full of anxiety” (Ps. 38:18). Sin is spiritual filth (Ps. 51:2). Sin is an injury to self (Pr. 8:36). Sin is “a disgrace to any people” (Pr. 14:34). Sin weighs one down with iniquity (Is. 1:4). Sins are like a heavy mist (Is. 44:22). Our sins testify against us (Is. 59:12). Sin withholds good against us (Jer. 5:25). Sin brings spiritual death (Ezk. 18:4,20). Sin is to “act wickedly” and turn aside from God’s commandments and ordinances (Dan. 9:5). Sin is “impurity” (Zech. 13:1). Sin a “fault” (Mt. 18:15). Sin brings death (Jn. 8:21; Rom. 6:23; Js. 1:15). Sin is enslaving (Jn. 8:34). Sin is common to all (Rom. 3:23). Sin can come to reign in our bodies (Rom. 6:12). Sin is “whatever is not of faith” (Rom. 14:23). Sin is synonymous with “trespasses” (Eph. 2:1). Sin may be led on by various impulses (2 Tim. 3:6). Sin is perverting and self-condemning (Ti. 3:11). Sin is “deceitful” (Heb. 3:13). Sin is “entangling” (Heb. 12:1). Sin is knowing the right thing and not doing it (Js. 4:17). Sin is “unrighteousness” (1 Jn. 5:17). Sin is “of the devil” (1 Jn. 3:8). 

Oh, but the Son! The passages about Him exceed even those about sin! The Son came to take away sins (Rom. 11:27; 1 Jn. 3:5). He came to destroy sin’s power (1 Jn. 3:8). The Son condemned sin in the flesh (Rom. 8:3). The Son cleanses us from all sin (1 Jn. 1:7). That only begins to scratch the surface of the power of the Son to absolve us of the guilt of sin, if we desire to put sin away and come to Him. 

What will give us the strength and heart to turn from the sin to the Son? Maybe the difference is in those vowels, “I” and “O.” When I truly understand my debt, I will deal with this problem. Sin is a spiritual debt “I owe.” I cannot pay it. But the Son can (Col. 2:14)! As the song suggests, “Jesus paid it all, all to Him I owe.” Yet, to exchange a debt of guilt for a debt of gratitude is the difference between a life of misery and a life of fulfillment, the difference between an eternity of regret and an eternity of rejoicing. 

The Bible is devoted to alerting us to our problem, but equally devoted to sharing the solution! May we have the humility and honesty to seek it!