The city and harbor of Cos is mentioned in passing as a brief stopover made by Paul and perhaps also his large crew of fellow laborers (Acts 20:6), including Luke. Luke simply writes, “When we had departed from them (the Ephesian elders at Miletus, 20:17-38) and had set sail, we rain a straight course to Cos and the next day to Rhodes and from there to Patera” (Acts 21:1). Cos was apparently a night’s stay for the missionaries making their way to Jerusalem.
But, to the ancient world, Cos was a place of great importance. Consider what Allen Myers says about it:
Settled by the Greeks ca. 1500 B.C., Cos became one of the most beautiful harbors of antiquity. As a Greek city-state it played a significant role in the Delian League during the Peloponnesian War (fifth century), and in 354 succeeded in its revolt against Athens. The island was renowned for its medical school, of which Hippocrates was a member, and a sacred shrine dedicated to Asclepius, the god of medicine (Eerdmans Bib. Dict., 239).
What’s more, Cos was the birthplace to the aforementioned Hippocrates, the “father of medicine” (and namesake of the Hippocratic Oath). “Under King Herod’s rule Cos received perpetual revenues, and a statue was built there to honor his son Herod Antipas” (Elwell and Beitzel, Baker Ency. Of The Bible, 527).
It was a literary center, home of Philetas and Theocritus, and also a place noted for its fine weaving in the few centuries before the birth of Christ (McKay, New Bible Dict., 229). The emperor Claudius even exempted it from taxes (ibid.).
But, it is a divine footnote on one of three missionary journeys made by Paul. He stopped and worked in important imperial cities like Ephesus, Philippi, Athens, and Corinth, but the Holy Spirit through especially Luke is not blind to the existence of other important ancient places. Noting sites like Cos, these writers were showing us historical and geographic markers that puts the Bible in a context revealing its accuracy. This remarkable understatement regarding such a historic place reflects the many layers to be discovered by the Bible student reading through this sacred book. Just in Luke’s writing alone, there are literally dozens more like Cos. What a testimony to the sacred authorship of Acts and the other 65 books!
Women were widely regarded as second-class citizens in the Jewish and Roman world of the first century. How does Jesus elevate the role and work of women in His kingdom? In more ways than you might think. Luke 8 gives us some valuable insight…
Neal Pollard
In Luke 8:1-3, Luke provides an interesting interlude between the visit to Simon’s house and his record of Jesus’ teaching of the parable of the sower. It is a practical note, helping us understand how Jesus and the twelve had the financial wherewithal to go from one city and village to another, proclaiming and preaching the kingdom of God (1). They owed this opportunity, monetarily, to the generosity of “some women.” Among them, according to Luke, was Mary Magdalene (who had seven demons cast out of her), Joanna the wife of Chuza, Susanna, and many others (2-3). They weren’t preachers or public proclaimers, but they were vital partners in the success of Jesus’ ministry! They also provide such a powerful example to us today, reminding us that we all can have a role in causing His work to succeed.
They Did Not Let Social Position Keep Them From Supporting Jesus (2). In the first-century Jewish world, being a woman did not put you at the top of the social heap. As Stein says, “That certain women followed Jesus indicates that his attitude toward women was quite different from the attitude of most first-century rabbis” (NAS commentary on Luke, 340). They could have used disadvantage as an excuse, but instead they accompanied and supported them.
They Did Not Let Setbacks Or Sicknesses Keep Them From Supporting Jesus (2). How much time had they lost, individually and collectively, to these problems? We don’t know, but they responded in gratitude to the One who released them from them. These things were not crutches to lean on, but springboards of opportunity.
They Did Not Let Secular Ties Keep Them From Supporting Jesus (3). One of the women had a husband who worked for Herod Antipas. “It may be that the special knowledge of Herod and his court reflected in Lk. came through him; he and his wife are no doubt named as well-known personalities in the church and are evidence for the existence of Christian disciples among the aristocracy” (Marshall, NIGTC, 317). Many believe Luke’s intimate knowledge of Herod’s household came through her. Herod was a politician, and that life, then as now, brings a spotlight. No doubt, whatever Joanna did reflected on her husband, Chuza, which, in turn, reflected on Herod. Whatever pressure she might have felt did not keep her from identifying with and furthering the work of Jesus. What an example!
They Did Not Let Sacrificial Choices Keep Them From Supporting Jesus (3). Did you notice that Luke says this ongoing contribution was coming out of their private means? Women did not ordinarily have financial independence, but these women were willing to use their own funds (stipend or allowance?) for Jesus’ divine mission. The old saying is, “Success comes in ‘cans,’ not ‘can’ts’.” They counted the cost (14:28)!
Their financial support was not meant to be a substitute for doing the duties of discipleship. Mary, the first person Jesus will appear to after His resurrection (Mark 16), is given the job of being the first to tell others He had risen (Mat. 28:7ff). Today, as then, support comes in so many forms. We support Jesus by helping fulfill His Great Commission, by being His hands and feet in helping others, by financially contributing to His work, by edifying the church, etc. We might offer any number of excuses for why we cannot, but we do well to follow these women who did not let anything stop them from supporting the Savior!
Some names are synonymous with certain attributes and characteristics. Hatfield and McCoy are names associated with fighting and feuding. Hitler is a name associated with prejudice and evil. Even today, some names conjure definite thoughts and conclusions, from Trump to Biden, Shohei Ohtani to LeBron James. Giorgio Armani or Louis Vuitton are fashion. Frank Lloyd Wright is architecture.
Even in Scripture, certain names draw immediate associations for the Bible student. One such name, which represents a series of rulers spanning about 150 years, is “Herod.” Perhaps you have thought that Herod is one man mentioned in the Bible. In fact, there are seven Herods mentioned in the Bible. Six of them were part of the Herodian Rulers. The first of these in Scripture is Herod I (the Great), king of Judea (Mat. 2:1ff; Luke 1:5). Next is his oldest son, Herod Archelaus, an ethnarch (ruler of a province or region) (Mat. 2:22).
Herod the Great had other sons who ruled as subordinate princes or portions of a region. One was Herod Philip (Luke 3:1). Another was Herod Antipas (Luke 3:1,19; 13:31ff; 23:7ff). Herod’s grandson, Herod Agrippa I and King of Judea, is mentioned in Acts 12. Then, there was Herod Agrippa II, the great-grandson of Herod the Great and another tetrarch (Acts 25:13ff).
These were not men of noble character. Herod the Great orchestrated and oversaw the genocide of Jewish baby boys at the time of Christ’s birth. Herod Antipas, an adulterer, had John the Baptist beheaded.
Herod Agrippa I had the apostle James beheaded and soon thereafter God struck him dead for pompous pride. Herod Agrippa II hardened his heart to the gospel, which he heard passionately preached. Though they lived in both luxury and dysfunction, these men were all little boys in the care of nursemaids if not mothers. They were once innocent children, little babies, helpless, dependent, and impressionable. Spiritual opportunity was missed, and as a result much harm was done to the cause of Christ. Egregious sins were committed against humanity.
Our family name, in part, is something we inherited (for good or ill). Yet, the greatest impact upon our family name is what we do with it. This applies to what we do with our own lives, but also what we do to bring up our children in the discipline and instruction of the Lord (Eph. 6:4). Let us protect the family name, and leave a legacy that blesses not just our relatives but impacts the church and the world for good!
The concept of angels and angelic beings filling the role of guardian is found several times throughout scripture. A cherubim with a flaming sword that flashed in every direction to guard the the way to the tree of life (Genesis 3.24). Jesus tells us that each child is assigned an angel and that angel is of such high rank that it can see the face of God (Matthew 18.10). While certain angelic beings, like the Cherubs, are depicted as guardians— it’s possible that any rank of angel might serve in this way (Psalm 34.7).
Here are a few fascinating sections of scripture that shed light on the mysterious operation of God’s heavenly host.
Daniel’s Angel
The Old Testament provides several examples of angelic intervention, but what unfolds in Daniel 10-12 stands apart. A distressed Daniel had been praying for three weeks and it was starting to look as if God had forgotten about His prophet. After Daniel had spent twenty one days of fasting and prayer, we read,
“I looked up and there before me was a man dressed in linen, with a belt of fine gold from Uphaz around his waist. His body was like topaz, his face like lightning, his eyes like flaming torches, his arms and legs like the gleam of burnished bronze, and his voice like the sound of the multitude” (Daniel 10.5-6).
Daniel’s unnamed angel has finally arrived and he actually provides a reason for why it had taken him so long to respond to Daniel’s prayer. The angels explains, “Since the first day that you set your mind to gain understanding and to humble yourself before your God, your words were heard, and I have come in response to them. But the prince (patron angel) of the Persian kingdom resisted me twenty-one days. Then Michael, one of the chief princes (angels), came to help me, because I was detained there with the king of Persia” (Daniel 10.12-13).
Daniel’s angel was locked in combat with an evil spiritual force he called “the prince of Persia” and things had become so heated that Michael the Archangel (see also, Jude 1.9) had to intervene. Paul would later confirm the reality of spiritual warfare when he tells those first century Christians, “…we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the cosmic powers over this present darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places” (Ephesians 6.11-12).
Just as Daniel is about to receive information about the future sourced from the Book of Truth (see also, Revelation 20.12), the unnamed angel tells him, “No one supports me against them (the evil forces) except Michael, your prince. And in the first year of Darius the Mede, I took my stand to support and protect him” (Daniel 10.21,11.1).
Michael is called by the unnamed angel, “your prince.” The use of the term prince in Daniel 10 has only been used to describe spiritual beings that seemed to yield some kind of ruling power over a nation. Michael isn’t Daniel’s personal angel but instead Israel’s “patron angel.” If Michael wasn’t Daniel’s guardian angel, then perhaps the unnamed angel fulfilled that role. While the unnamed angel responded to Daniel’s prayer and revealed visions of the future— he then returns to continue fighting the prince of Persia. We’re also told that he took special interest in Darius the Mede, so it’s not likely that he was Daniel’s sole protector either.
Peter’s Angel
In Acts 12 we find King Herod on a rampage. He kills James the Brother of John with the sword and then throws Peter in prison. While Herod is persecuting the church, the church begins praying— and God answers with an angel. Peter’s trial is scheduled for the next day but he wouldn’t make it because, “Suddenly an angel of the Lord appeared and a light shone in the cell. He struck Peter on the side and woke him up. “Quick, get up!” he said, and the chains fell off Peter’s wrists.
Then the angel said to him, “Put on your clothes and sandals.” And Peter did so. “Wrap your cloak around you and follow me,” the angel told him. Peter followed him out of the prison, but he had no idea that what the angel was doing was really happening; he thought he was seeing a vision.
They passed the first and second guards and came to the iron gate leading to the city. It opened for them by itself, and they went through it. When they had walked the length of one street, suddenly the angel left him. Then Peter came to himself and said, “Now I know without a doubt that the Lord has sent his angel and rescued me from Herod’s clutches and from everything the Jewish people were hoping would happen.”
The way in which the angel strikes Peter to wake him, the chains falling off his wrists, the iron gate opening by itself, and then the angel’s sudden disappearance are all details we can appreciate. However, the following verses are also intriguing. Notice who Peter is mistaken for, “…. He (Peter) went to the house of Mary the mother of John, also called Mark, where many people had gathered and were praying. Peter knocked at the outer entrance, and a servant named Rhoda came to answer the door. When she recognized Peter’s voice, she was so overjoyed she ran back without opening it and exclaimed, “Peter is at the door!”
“You’re out of your mind,” they told her. When she kept insisting that it was so, they said, “It must be his angel.” But Peter kept on knocking, and when they opened the door and saw him, they were astonished” (Acts 12.7-16). The early Christian’s make an interesting assumption and they must have had reason to think that Peter’s angel either resembled or could resemble Peter himself.
Non-Canonical Coincidences
The Early Church Fathers On Patron Angels
Clement of Alexandria (Post 202 A.D.): “…for regiments of angels are distributed over nations and cities; and perhaps some even are assigned to particular individuals.”
Origen, Homilies on Luke (Post 233 A.D.): “To every man there are two attending angels, the one of justice and the other of wickedness.If there be good thoughts in our heart, and if righteousness be welling up in our soul, it can scarcely be doubted that an angel of the Lord is speaking to us. If, however, the thoughts of our heart be turned to evil,an angel of the Devil is speaking to us.”
Rabbinic Commentaries & The Mistaken Identity of Angels
An angel appears in the likeness of Moses (Devarim Rabbah 2.29).
In a Jewish commentary on Ecclesiastes; “At that time an angel descended in the form of Solomon and sat upon his throne” (Kohelet Rabbah 2.4).
Another commentary on Genesis, possibly based on older sources, claimed that Jacob wrestled with Esau’s guardian angel (Bereshit Rabbah 77.3).
The Herodian dynasty actually began during the civil wars of the first century B.C., when Palestine passed from Hasmonean (a Jewish family that included the Maccabees) into Roman rule. “The name ‘Herod’ is Greek and originated with a shadowy ancestor about whom, even in antiquity, little was known. Two ancient traditions make him either a descendant of a notable Jewish family with a lineage traceable to the Babylonian exile or a slave in the temple of Apollo in the Philistine city of Ashkelon. Neither can be proved” (Achtemeier 385). For well over a century and a half, the Herods would figure prominently in the Roman government under a multitude of emperors from 67 B.C. to about 100 A.D. The first ruler of this dynasty is Antipater I, who is appointed governor of Idumaea by the Hasmoneans. The Idumaeans are forced to “convert” to the Jewish faith, making them Jews at least in name. Meanwhile, Antipater’s son, Antipater II, through military and political savvy, earned Roman citizenship for his family and positions of power for his oldest two sons, Phasael and Herod. The latter was named governor of Galilee and was ultimately known as “Herod the Great.”
“Herod the Great” is the first of this dynasty to be mentioned in Scripture. He has a long reign characterized by guile, violence, and political alliance. By the time we read about him at the birth of Jesus, he’s months from dying. He had had ten wives and borne several sons who would fight with each other before and after his death. He had won acclaim among the Romans for his grandiose building projects, including the city of Sebaste, Strato’s Tower, Caesarea Maritime, Masada, Machaerus, the Herodium in Perea, the Alexandrium, Cypros, Hyrcania, and the Herodium southeast of Bethlehem (ibid. 386-387). No doubt his greatest architectural achievement was the extravagant rebuilt Jewish temple in Jerusalem, which the disciples of Jesus took such great pride in (Mark 13:1).
This Herod is shown to be cunning (Mat. 2:7), deceitful (Mat. 2:8), violent-tempered (Mat. 2:16), and vicious (Mat. 2:16-19). Information gleaned from outside the Bible confirm these character traits. Josephus especially chronicles Herod’s depravity with reams of material about murders he committed, intrigues he entered into, and power struggles he fought (Antiquities 14-18). Blomberg observes,
It is often observed that there are no other historical documents substantiating Herod’s “massacre of the innocents.” But given the small size of Bethlehem and the rural nature of the surrounding region, there may have been as few as twenty children involved, and the killings would have represented a relatively minor incident in Herod’s career, worthy of little notice by ancient historians who concentrated on great political and military exploits (68).
In addition to what we read of him in Matthew 2, “many of Herod’s building projects serve as backdrops for events of the New Testament” (Winstead, n.p.). Bethlehem is near the Herodium. Gospel writers repeatedly reference his rebuilt Jerusalem temple (John 7-10). The book of Acts refers to his coastal city of Caesarea, called Caesarea Maritima (Acts 8; 21:8; 23:33)–different from Caesarea Philippi in Matthew 16:13. As a living legacy to his wickedness, three of his sons disputed over what and how much territory they would rule. Augustus Caesar settled the matter by dividing the kingdom “but withholding the royal title of “king” from all of the heirs” (Garcia-Treto 378).
The most notable thing about a man who pursued and was granted a measure of earthly greatness is the contrast between himself and the baby Jesus, “king of the Jews” (Mat. 2:2). He sought power and greatness. Jesus emptied Himself to be born in our likeness (Phil. 2:5-7). Herod sought self-preservation, but Jesus came for our preservation (1 Tim. 1:15). Herod jealousy guarded his position, but Jesus “gave the right to become children of God” (John 1:12). We will see the contrast between Jesus’ kingdom and the sordid legacy of King Herod, revealed in what the Bible says of his wicked descendants.
Sources Cited
Achtemeier, Paul J., Harper & Row and Society of Biblical Literature. Harper’s Bible dictionary 1985 : 385. Print.
Blomberg, Craig. Matthew. Vol. 22. Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1992. Print. The New American Commentary.
Garcia-Treto, Francisco O. “Herod.” Ed. Mark Allan Powell. The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary (Revised and Updated) 2011 : 378. Print.
Winstead, Melton B. “Herod the Great.” Ed. John D. Barry et al. The Lexham Bible Dictionary 2016 : n. pag. Print.
Herod’s Palace at Masada (Photo Credit: Kathy Pollard, July 2017)
There are people who die some very gruesome deaths in Scripture–Eglon, Jezebel, the Levite’s concubine in Judges 19, Judas, and others, too. But maybe none is more disturbing than the death of Herod the Great. A wicked, godless ruler, Herod Agrippa I had just overseen the execution of the apostle James and intended to do the same to Peter. About this time, Tyre and Sidon sought to appease and flatter him, subjugated people in need of food from Galilee but who had somehow offended this Judean king.
What happens next is recorded in Acts 12:21-23, but is also found in The Works of Josephus.
Josephus writes that at a festival in honor of Caesar, Herod appeared before the people in “a garment made wholly of silver, and of a contexture truly wonderful” (344). The sunlight hit the garment making it shine “after a surprising manner” and caused the crowd to spontaneously shout that he was a god. The people cried, “Be thou merciful to us; for although we have hitherto reverenced thee only as a man, yet shall we henceforth own thee as superior to mortal nature” (345).
Josephus says that after he had not rejected their praise, “A severe pain also arose in his belly, and began in a most violent manner” (346). His pain then became violent and severe, and he lingered five days before he died at the age of 45 in A.D. 44 (347). The inspired Luke tells us the cause of death–“He was eaten with worms” (Acts 12:23). Why? Because he did not give God the glory!
When I understand God’s reaction to those who take for themselves glory that only belongs to God, it should humble me to the core! If it is a sermon, a program, an idea, an act of kindness or benevolence, a rendered service, an article, a Bible class, a Bible study, an evangelistic success, or any spiritual triumph, I should go the second-mile to deflect and divert that praise! We who preach, teach, and otherwise serve the Lord in any way on any occasion must have a healthy sense of who we are. Paul says that we have the glorious gospel treasure “in earthen vessels, so that the surpassing greatness of the power will be of God and not from ourselves” (2 Cor. 4:7).
May we be deeply impressed with that, especially when faced with the flattery and praise of men. The sports analogy, “Don’t believe your own press clippings,” holds true. Paul was quick to deflect such praise, saying, “What then is Apollos? And what is Paul? Servants through whom you believed, even as the Lord gave opportunity to each one. I planted, Apollos watered, but God was causing the growth” (1 Cor. 3:5-6).
The next time we are tempted to be a “Glory Hog,” may these biblical truths rush to the forefront of our minds. After all, thanks to Herod’s demise, we know how God feels about it. To God truly be the glory!
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