Tag: monster

The Heart Of Jonah

Dale Pollard

The book of Jonah is a unique book in the Old Testament. Unlike other prophetic books, God chooses to focus on the prophet himself rather than the message being preached by him. While many lessons can be pulled from this four chapter book, there’s one in particular that we can all benefit from hearing from time to time. That lesson is that in order for true change to occur in our lives there must be a genuine transformation of the heart.

The book begins with God’s call to Jonah to preach to the wicked people of Nineveh and then closes with God’s response to Jonah’s anger at the penitent hearts of the Ninevites. Between these two divine speeches you read about the prophet’s incredible experience in the belly of a great fish. Many artist’s have painted pictures of Jonah desperately trying to keep his head above the waves while a terrifying monster breeches the surface with its mouth wide open preparing to swallow him. While this may be the image that comes to mind, Jonah gives us an interesting detail in his prayer. He recalls how the waters closed over him and he eventually reaches the sea floor where he is helplessly tangled in the weeds. While the murky waters cloud his vision his fate seemed very clear. Jonah admits that he called out to the Lord provoked by his great distress and this mental plea was a desperate attempt to preserve his life. God answers this cry by sending him a slippery savior. Jonah, while known to be a little on the dramatic side, will later recall how it was in the moment when his life was fainting away that he “remembered the Lord.” God saved a blatantly rebellious man who in no way deserved that salvation but He also allowed Jonah to reach great depths and come face to face with his own spiritual reality. Jonah was a long way from God, but not geographically.

Before Jonah became soaked by the stormy seas, he was soaked in a sin problem that had taken root in his heart. God allowed Jonah to physically experience rock bottom so that he could acknowledge some spiritual issues that distanced him from God. While Jonah may have desired to run from God, he came to the conclusion that being away from God was not the relief he thought it would be.

As traumatic as this event was, Jonah seems to emerge from the belly of the fish with lingering spiritual issues. Though he preaches to the city of Nineveh, there is still anger and hatred dominating his heart. The last chapter gives us a glimpse of this as he directs this anger towards the very God that saved him. In order for true change to occur, there must be a genuine change of heart. While low points can help us examine our heart health for a moment, relentless determination to live life differently is the key to success. A hopeful reminder for anyone who may find themselves in the depths of sin, there is no place too dark where God is not able to hear your prayers. 

Jonah’s Monster: A Historical and Biological Investigation 

Dale Pollard

The biblical account of Jonah being swallowed by a “great fish” (often called a whale) has long been under scrutiny by biblical skeptics. This short investigation hits a few  different areas that may give the reader some more food for thought. 

We’ll cook up a theory using— 

  1. Some historical maritime context of ancient seafaring practices
  2. A sprinkle of marine biology
  3. A pinch of paleontology
  4. A tad of textual linguistics
  5. A ladle of literary evidence

With all that we’ll explore some plausible candidates for the big fish.

Potential Location of the Storm and Jonah’s Route

The Mediterranean stretch between Rhodes and Cyprus was notoriously treacherous. Jonah sailed from Joppa (modern Jaffa, Israel) toward Tarshish (likely Spain), covering approximately 430 oceanic miles from Rhodes to Joppa or a neighboring Phoenician port. The route passed close by Rhodes and Cyprus, exposing vessels to sudden violent storms. 

This seems to be a decent area to focus on. While other parts of the Mediterranean are known to be more dangerous, they’re closer to Spain. No marine animal capable of swallowing a human could make that swim in just three days. While it could have been a specialized super-swimmer designed by God— for the purpose of this article we’re going to stick with candidates that were currently aware of. 

Candidate Creatures

1. Sperm Whale 

Probably the most common theory, for good reason. Sperm whales have

•  Large sinus air chamber and integrated blowhole allowed any gobbled prophets to breathe. 

•  Massive throat capable of swallowing large prey whole instead of crushing or suffocating 

2. Fin Whale (Detailed Physiology)

From the Christian Research Journal (Vol. 48, No. 03, 2025), the fin whale’s lunge-feeding allows it to engulf enormous volumes of water (60–82 m³). Its forestomach can hold ~500 L of fluid, but the narrow esophagus (~10 cm) suggests Jonah was likely held in the expandable oropharynx (“belly”). Survival challenges include trauma, hypothermia, slippery surfaces, and air supply (mitigated by frequent surfacing every 5–15 minutes). 

3. Basilosaurus (extinct) 

•  Fits biblical themes of large serpentine sea monster (Amos 9.3) 

•  Fluid-filled bones for near-surface swimming

•  Elbow-like fins for shallow-water maneuverability, ideal for expelling prey onto beaches.

•  Ancient artwork in the region resembles it. This is perhaps the coolest point that we’ll revisit. 

4. Megalodon (Otodus megalodon)

•  Largest known shark in the ancient Mediterranean, up to 50 feet long.

Was It a Whale, a Fish, or a “Ketos”?

Hebrew dag gadol (“great fish”) and Greek ketos (used in the Septuagint and Matthew 12:40) are general terms for a large sea creature or monster, not precise biological categories. Historian Bill Cooper and others note that ketos consistently referred to a dog-headed sea-dragon or serpent in ancient Mediterranean mind. Dr. Henry Morris notes its “mega-sized” connotations. 

Ancient writers used specific terms for such creatures, while New Testament authors employed broader language.

Ancient Literary and Artistic Evidence for the “Ketos”

Historical evidence from authors and historians who best knew the Mediterranean Sea consistently used ketos to mean “a sea serpent.”

 This is supported by:

•  Literary sources (from ca. 700 B.C. onward): Homer (9th–8th century B.C.), Euripides, Aristophanes, Lycophron, Aristophanes (various dates), Manilius, Marcus Terentius Varro, Diodorus Siculus, Claudius Aelianus, Oppian of Apamea, Pausanias, Eustathius, Hesychius, and Johannes Moschus, among others.

Artistic depictions: 

First-century paintings from a Roman catacomb show Jonah being thrown into the sea monster with a dog-like head, flexible neck, and often coiled body. Numerous artifacts (carvings, coins, ivory, wood, stone) depict the ketos with a dog-like head, prominent teeth, plume-like flaps or frills above the head and neck, and a slender, coiled form. These consistent renderings across Rome, Africa, Turkey, and elsewhere strongly identify the ketos as a sea serpent.

The visual and textual tradition closely resembles creatures like Basilosaurus and supports a naturalistic but still divinely orchestrated interpretation of the biblical “monster.”

BONUS: 

Interesting Historical Sighting 

Strabo records Poseidonius’ eyewitness account (ca. 130–51 BC) of a massive “fallen dragon” (~30 m / 100 ft long) on the northern Levant coast with enormous jaws. It was so big that two riders on horse back couldn’t see each other if they were on either side of its belly. 

Bonus Notes: 

Clues from Jonah’s Prayer (Jonah 2) 

•  Repeated references to depth and deep water.

•  “Moors or roots of the mountains” — possibly the Eratosthenes Seamount near Cyprus.

•  Calypso Deep is the deepest point, Jonah might be referring to it. 

Travel Feasibility

A blue whale’s comfortable speed of ~5 mph could cover ~360 miles in the relevant Rhodes-area voyage, making that in distance in 72 hours (three days). 

References: 

•  Christian Research Journal, Vol. 48, No. 03 (2025).

•  Brian Thomas, Ph.D., Institute for Creation Research.

•  Bill Cooper, The Authenticity of the Book of Jonah (2012/2013).

•  Dr. Henry Morris on ketos.

•  Strabo, Poseidonius, and the extensive list of classical authors cited.